Literature On Yoga And Dysmenorrhea

Literature On Yoga And DysmenorrheaA great literary productions is chiefly a product of inquiring promontorys in revolt against the firm certainities of nation - Mecken H.C. Literature serves a number of important functions in the interrogation act upon. It protagonists the searcher to generate ideas or to focus on a interrogation topic. It also can be useful in pointing push through the research design, methodology, pixilateding of tools and type of statistical analysis that might be juicy in pursuing the research problem. check of literature of the take necessitate is arranged under the following headings.Review related to dysmenorrheaStudies related to dysmenorrheaReview related to yogaStudies related to yoga on underscore and dysmenorrheaREVIEW think TO DYSMENORRHEADYSMENORRHEADysmenorrhea is a gynaecological medical condition characterized by severe uterine chafe due to painful cramps during menstruation. Menstrual cramps usu tout ensembley last from a a few(pre nominal) hours to several days and ease as the cycle progresses.TYPES OF DYSMENORRHEAPrimary dysmenorrhea vicarious dysmenorrheaPRIMARY DYSMENORRHEAPrimary dysmenorrhea means pain recurred regularly or inside a year or twain of the first puberty.SECONDARY DYSMENORRHEAIt is associated with gynecologic dis companys such as endometriosis or pelvic abnormalities. inconvenience begins long time after periods started.Secondary dysmenorrhea can be ca utilise by the followingEndometriosis. descent and tissue being discharged through a narrow cervix.uterine fibroid or ovarian cyst.Infections of the uterus.Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).Intrauterine eddy (IUD).PRIMARY DYSMENORRHEAThe causes of primary dysmenorrhea beStrong uterine contractions which is stimulated by increased production of the hormone prostaglandin by the lining of the uterus (endometrium). foreboding and hear.Blood and tissue being discharged through a narrow cervix.Displaced uterus.Lack of exercise.Associated wor k outs in primary dysmenorrheaUse of caffeine or nicotine.Stress. The period of dysmenorrhea may vary according to general health or psychological state. While emotional or psychological factors dont cause the pain, they can decline it or cause some women to be less responsive to discussion.Family tale of dysmenorrhea.Lack of exercise poor diet.Signs and symptomsDiarrhea (occasion bothy) or constipation.Sweating.Nausea and vomit (sometimes).Cramping sharp pains in the lower abdomen, lower stake and thighs.Pain starts at the on pit of menses and lasts for hours to days.Lack of energy.Urinary frequency.Irrit tycoon, nervousness, depression.Fainting.Headaches. troublenutritionalNutritional supplements like omega-3 fatty acids (fat compounds found in unctuous fish, such as salmon and tuna), magnesium, vitamin E, zinc, and thiamine (vitamin B1) are payoffive in treating dysmenorrhea. Intake of plenty of whole grains, fresh fruits and vegetables, and avoiding saturated fats and c ommercial quarrel foods is also beneficial. Limiting salt may help to reduce bloating. garnish caffeine, sugar, and alcohol intake ordain help in reducing the put on the line of dysmenorrhea.Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)The pain of primary dysmenorrheal is relieved by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. acetylsalicylic acid is the most common NSAIDNon-drug therapiesYoga Therapy, exercise, acupuncture, acupressure, behavioral therapy, Transcutaneous electric automobile fount stimulation (TENS) and chiropractic care are effectual in treating dysmenorrhea.Yogic ManagementThe pigeon pose, the hero pose the best way of calming the thoughts and depressuriseing the soundbox and wide squat pose is very useful in reducing the hip pain.Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve StimulationTranscutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) is a mode of treatment which uses low- take aim galvanising pulses to suppress back pain. The standard approach is to give 80 to hundred pulses per second, for 45 minutes, three times a day.STUDIES RELATED TO DYSMENORRHEALiliwat et al (2006) conducted a study to plant the prevalence of dysmenorrhea, its associated factors and its effects on give lessons activities among insubstantial girls in a petty(a) school in a rude district of Selangor, Malaysia. The prevalence of dysmenorrhea was 62.3%. It was significantly higher in the middle adolescence (15 to 17 years old) age group, girls with regular menstrual cycle and a imperative family history. There was no significant association with mean age of menarche and era of menstruation. The number of school and class absences increased with increasing severity of dysmenorrhea. The mean pain score was significantly higher in girls who inform to be unable to participate in sports and with poor concentration in class. Dysmenorrhea among the c waive girls was found to be common. It had significant negative blow in their school performance and activities.Wilson et al (2003) stated that the volume of the feminine youngs have been place dysmenorrhea and premenstrual symptoms as problems that affect the academic performance and an important factor for school absenteeism. They surveyed eighty-eight young-bearing(prenominal) high school insubstantials in two separate somatogenic education classes at high school adolescents in Pune for the prevalence of dysmenorrhea and premenstrual symptoms. The results showed that 86% (76 out of 88) had premenstrual symptoms and 91% (80 out of 88) had dysmenorrhea and most of the girls were unaware of the causes and treatments of these symptoms. Subsequently, a model was designed to educate girls in self-help methods and to screen for and detect these problems.Dittakarn et al (2003) conducted a study to determine the prevalence of dysmenorrheal and its jolt on school attendance, academic performance, social activities and knowledge of treatment in Thai adolescents. Dysmenorrhea was a significant public healt h problem. It had an impact on academic activities. Most of the subjects knew that Paracetamol is the drug that help to relief their symptoms. indigo K Agarwal Anju Agarwal (2002) conducted an explorative study to measure out the prevalence of dysmenorrhea its severity with associated symptoms in high school adolescent girls of the age group within 15 to 20 years at Gwalior. They concluded that the prevalence of dysmenorrhea was 79.67% and majority of them, 37.96%, suffered regularly from dysmenorrhea severity. The three most common symptoms present on day before and first day of menstruation were lethargy, tiredness, depression, inability to concentrate in work.Wilson (2002) conducted a study to assess the prevalence of dysmenorrhea among adolescents of 14-16 years in Switzerland exploitation questionnaire. Among 327 cases, 185 cases (56.6%) report dysmenorrhea. Among them 95 (31.7%) had lowly dysmenorrhea, 45(15%) had moderate dysmenorrhea and 17 (5.7%) had severe dysmenorrhe a.Martin et al (2001) conducted a study to assess the prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhea among adolescents. A 95-item menstrual opinion Form was administered to 207 suburban-based adolescent females in Turkey. Subjects had a mean age of 17.6 years, 89% were white, 59% were in high school, and 28% were in college. Almost all subjects account dysmenorrhea (96%) or moderate (89%) severity while many reported changes they considered severe (59%) or extreme (43%). The most commonly reported changes in animal(prenominal) condition were general discomfort, water retention symptoms, fatigue, and autonomic visible changes. The most commonly reported changes in mood and behavior include impaired social function, depressive changes, and impulsive behavior. These changes were most severe in those adolescents who reported having dysmenorrhea.Banikarim et al (2000) conducted a study to determine the prevalence of dysmenorrhea among Hispanic female adolescents its impact on academic perfo rmance, school attendance, and sports and social activities and its management. A measure of 706 Hispanic female adolescents, in grades nine to twelve, completed a 31-item questionnaire close to the presence, duration, severity, treatment, and limitations of dysmenorrhea at a local urban high school. Dysmenorrhea was highly prevailing among Hispanic adolescents and was related to school absenteeism and limitations on social, academic, and sports activities. Most of the adolescents did not attempt medical advice for dysmenorrhea.Hillen et al (1999) conducted a study to explore the prevalence of dysmenorrhea and its impact on school, sporting, social activities, management strategies, and their knowledge of available treatment among senior(a) high school girls in Perth, Western Australia. A total of 388 female students in Grades 11 and 12 at three metropolitan secondary schools completed an anonymous questionnaire administered during class time. it was found that the prevalence a nd impact of dysmenorrhea was high, and they need knowledge and experience of effective treatment. Health education measures were needed to check unnecessary suffering and interruption to school routine.REVIEW RELATED TO YOGApresentation to yogaYoga is becoming popular in all parts of the world. For the restless mind it gives solace For the sick it is a boon For the common man it is the look of the day to keep him fit and beautiful. Some use it for improving store intelligence and creativity with its multifold advantages it is becoming a part of education. Specialists use it to pass around deeper layers of consciousness in their move towards perfection.DefinitionThe term yoga comes from a Sanskrit pronounce which means yoke or union. Traditionally, yoga is a method joining the psyche self with the Divine, Universal Spirit, or Cosmic Consciousness. Physical and mental exercises are designed to help achieve this goal, also called self-transcendence or enlightenment.On the physi cal level, yoga prams, called asanas, are designed to tone, strengthen, and align the carcass. These postures are performed to make the spine supple, reasoning(a) and to promote blood flow to all the organs, glands, and tissues, keep all the constitutions of the body healthy.On the mental level, yoga uses respire techniques (pranayama) and meditation (dyana) to quiet, clarify, and discipline the mind.PurposeYoga is used to alleviate problems associated with high blood pressure, high cholesterol, migraine headaches, asthma, shallow airing, backaches, constipation, diabetes, menopause, sixfold sclerosis, varicose veins, carpal tunnel syndrome and many chronic illnesses. It also has the ability to promote relaxation and reduce stress.As of late 2002, yoga is increasingly recommended for dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome, and early(a) disorders. Hatha yoga, a path of yoga is based on physical purification, modify and self-transformation. It encompasses a system of rules of a sanas (postures), which helps to promote mental and physical intimately-being, with particular idiom on making the spine supple and healthy and increase circulation and allow the mind to focus and become free from distraction for long periods of meditation, on with pranayama (breath control). It is a highly developed system of nearly 200 physical postures, movements and breathing techniques designed to tune the body to its optimal health.Yoga counters menstrual problemsYoga encompasses breathing techniques which relaxes the body, which is helpful in relieving stress due menstruation. Performing the various positions in Yoga promotes body flexibility, the muscles become supple helps eliminating pain due to menstrual cramps and other causes.Yoga improves the well-being. Yoga teaches women not to focus too much on the problem, rather it teaches them to rent to accept the inevitable changes in life.Yoga, being a physical breathing exercise, promotes good blood circulation. As a resu lt, menstrual cycle will not be a problem anymore, thus minimizing pain.Yogasanas effective in reducing dysmenorrhea and stressCobra Pose (Bhujangasana) is one of the very powerful half-witted bending asana in Hatha Yoga beneficial for people with lower back aches. This posture decreases stiffness in the lower back, enlarges the chest, and strengthens the arms and shoulders. This Asana is also good to battle menstrual irregularities, and helps relieve stress. It has a huge amount of benefits which cover all the body systems. In women it tones the ovaries and the uterus and helps to alleviate gynaecological disorders such as leucorrhea, dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea.Adho mukha Virasana (heros pose) reduces fat around the thighs calves. It improves the digestion quietens the mind and reduces tension and congestion in pelvic organs.Corpse Pose (Shavasana) the body parts are progressively stretched and relax muscles. It aids in complete relaxation.Dhanurasana strengthens the back muscl es and gastro in runninginal problems associated with menstruation.Pigeon pose opens the hips and help to prevent lower back pain.Wide squat pose opens steady hips, releases tension in the lower back and stretches out the muscles in the feet.STUDIES RELATED TO YOGA ON STRESS AND DYSMENORRHEABerger et al (2009) conducted a study to assess the effect of yoga on wellbeing, stress due to dysmenorrhea among fourth and fifth-grade students in Bronx, New York. The majority of students participated in yoga reported enhanced wellbeing, as reflected by perceived improvements in behaviors such as strength, flexibility, balance. The results suggested that yoga is a preventive intervention as well as a means of relieving dysmenorrhea and stress.Hartfiel et al (2009) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of yoga in enhancing emotional well-being and resilience to stress among university employees at Dru Education Centre, Snowdonia, United Kingdom. Six-week yoga intervention resulted in s ignificant improvements in feelings of clear-mindedness, composure, elation, energy, and confidence. In addition, the yoga group reported increased life purpose and satisfaction, and feelings of greater assurance during stressful situations. It was concluded that even a short program of yoga was effective for enhancing emotional well-being and resilience to stress in the workplace.Laura (2008) said that stress due to dysmenorrhea can have an impact on students academic performance. He conducted a study to assess the impact of stress factors due to dysmenorrhea on college students academic performance. Twenty students of University of North Carolina at Charlotte participated in the study. They were asked to complete a survey, including the perceived stress scale. Most of the students reported inadequate sleep and absenteeism. brownish (2000) said that Dysmenorrhoea is characterized by cramping lower abdominal pain that may give off to the lower back and upper thighs and is commonly associated with nausea, headache, fatigue and diarrhea. He conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of yoga therapy on dysmenorrhea at New Zealand. He found that yoga reduced the Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ) score during the menstrual microscope stage (P Anice George, (1998) conducted a study to estimate the incidence of dysmenorrhea , relationship between stress and dysmenorrhea and the effect of planned yoga therapy for 12 weeks on dysmenorrhea and stress of adolescent girls in Karnataka state. An explorative survey technique was used for the first mannikin, and the second phase used evaluative approach with pre-test post-test control group design, where a 12 weeks yoga therapy was used as the intervention. She concluded that the incidence of dysmenorrhea was 87.87%. A significant compulsive correlation (r= 0.1275, P CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKThe conceptual framework of the present study was developed by the investigator based on Ludwig Von Bertanlanffys everyda y System theory of learning (1968). A system is a set of interrelated parts that come together to form a Whole. for each one part is necessary to make a complete, meaningful whole. This consists of components like,InputThroughput product andFeedback.In the present study the adolescent girls were considered as an open system. The system uses infix to maintain homeostasis.INPUTThe first component of a system is input, which is the information, energy or matter, which enters a system. For a system to work well, input should contribute to achieve the purpose of the system. It refers to demographic data of adolescent girls (age, order of birth, religion and occupation of the mother or primary care giver), pre test level of stress during dysmenorrhea, level of dysmenorrhea and plan for yoga therapy. These factors are taken into friendship as input for assessing the level of dysmenorrhea, stress during dysmenorrhea of the adolescent girls.THROUGHPUT/ PROCESSIt is the process that allows the input to be changed, so that it is useful to the system. The action needed to attain the desired task. The task is to implement yoga therapy and to assess the post test level of stress and dysmenorrhea. sidetrackBased on the input and throughput, the system returns to the surround in an altered state, the end result of product of the system. Outputs vary widely depending on the type and purpose of the system affecting the environment. Therefore the output signal refers to the reduction of the stress and dysmenorrhea. Level of stress and dysmenorrhea was interpreted as no, mild, moderate, and severe.FEEDBACKIt refers to determine whether or not the end result of the system has been achieved. Feed back emphasizes the effect of the input, throughput and output. It shows that, whether no stress or mild stress or moderate stress or severe stress, no dysmenorrhea or mild dysmenorrhea or moderate dysmenorrhea or severe dysmenorrhea is experienced by adolescent girls.FIGURE 1 CONCEP TUAL FRAME WORKINPUTOUTPUTPRE TEST grow of the adolescent girlOrder if birth theologyOccupation of the mother or care giverCLINICAL VARIABLESAge at menarcheRegularity of menstrual cycleMenstrual cycle design of pads used per dayuse of medicationsAssessment of level of stress victimisation perceived stress scale and the level of dysmenorrhea using menstrual incommode checklistPlan for Yoga therapyTHROUGHPUTFEEDBACKAfter the yoga therapyreduction inthe level of stress anddysmenorrhea among adolescent girlsPOST TESTAssessment of level of stress and dysmenorrhea among adolescent girls using structured interview questionnaire.