Types of Gene Mutations

Types of Gene transitionsGene A cistron is a special strand of DNA that contains information about everything in our form. The genes claim proteins to construct things in our body. Humans bugger off about 25,000 genes.Homeotic Genes rendering A homeotic gene is any collection of genes that manage the bumpment of early embryotic stage of organisms, these genes fand so forth proteins that tell cells to create opposite parts of the bodyMutation If a chromosomal mutation occurs in the homeotic gene an organism pull up stakes not develop properly and may acquire displaced body parts, for example, a fly may gain a leg on its tribal chief instead of an antennaLeptin ReceptorDescription The leptin sensory receptor protein is produced by the LEPR gene, it manages skill balance and body weight. The leptin receptor protein is establish on the exterior of cells in many organs and tissues of the body. The leptin receptor is activated by a ductless gland called leptin that connect s to the receptor. Usually, the bodys fat cells release leptin in accordance to their size. As fat cells enlarge, they produce much leptin. This increase in leptin indicates that fat stores are increasing. The binding of leptin to its receptor send a series of chemical signals to the hypothalamus and give a ace of fullness.Mutation If a mutation in the leptin receptor occurs it may jumper cable to excessive hunger, obesity, and reduced employment of sexual development horm isRetinoblastomaDescription The RB1 gene provides instructions for creating a protein called pRB. This protein regulates cell growth and keeps cells from irregular division. Under authorized conditions, pRB stops other proteins from DNA replication. Since DNA replication must fleet before a cell can divide, regulation of this accomplish helps foresee tumor growth. pRB likewise interacts with other proteins to control cell survival, cell self-destruction, and the process by which cells grow to carry out s pecial tasks.Mutation If a mutation occurs in the RB1 gene a person may develop bladder cancer, retinoblastoma (an eye cancer that develops in the retina), lung cancer, breast cancer, osteosarcoma (a face of tog out cancer), and melanoma (a type of pelt cancer).InsulinDescription The INS gene provides commands for the production of the hormone insulin, insulin regulates glucose levels in the blood. Insulin is produced by the pancreas. Glucose is the primary source of energy for approximately cells in the body. Insulin is produced in a precursor form called proinsulin, which contains a hotshot sequence of amino acids. The proinsulin sequence is cut to make individual pieces called the A and B chains, which are connected together by connections called disulfide bonds to form insulin.Mutation Mutations in the INS gene have been linked to permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus. Babies with this cark have a low birth weight and develop change magnitude blood sugar levels inwardly th e first 6 months of life. An INS gene mutation can alike cause type 1 diabetes and other disorders that embarrass insulin production and blood sugar control.Red Hair ColourDescription The MC1R gene provides instructions for making a protein called the melanocortin 1 receptor. The receptor is found on the surface of melanocytes (specialized cells that create melanin). Melanin provides colour to skin, hair,eyes and the retina. Melanocytes produce two different types of melanin, eumelanin and pheomelanin. The amounts of these two pigments help decide the color of a persons hair and skin. The to a greater extent eumelanin a person has the darker their hair and skin is. hoi polloi with more eumelanin have increased protection from damage caused by UV radiation. People with more pheomelanin normally have red or blond hair, freckles, and lighter skin that is prone to skin damage caused by UV radiation.Mutation If a mutation occurs in this gene people develop oculocutaneous albinism type 2. People who have this mutation have light-colored hair and eyes, pale blank skin, and vision conditions. A mutation in this gene can also increase the risk of developing skin cancer.Boy in the burble DiseaseDescription The Boy in the Bubble Disease also known as severe combined immunodeficiency disease, is Severe Combined Immunodeficiency. Children that develop this disorder do not have a working repellent system. Children affected by severe combined immunodeficiency disease can also become sick from viruses present in some vaccines. These vaccines (such as Measles, Polio etc.) dont harm children with a healthy immune system. However, children with severe combined immunodeficiency may develop severe, life-threatening infections from the vaccines. There are divers(a) forms of SCID. The most common type is linked to the X-chromosome, making this disorder scoopful to males.Symptoms Babies with this disorder generally have infections occurring within the first few months of lif e, these infections are dangerous and may even be life-threatening, they may include pneumonia, meningitis etc. Other symptoms include failure to gain weight or grow normally, continuous mouth or throat infections, and a family history of immunodeficiency or infant deaths due to infections.Diagnosis Early diagnosis of this disorder is ordinarily uncommon since the disease is extremely rare. The average age babies are diagnosed with SCID is about six months, generally because of reoccurring infections and improper development. If the mutation leading to SCID in a family is known, a test can happen by sequencing DNA from the fetus. Since SCID is so rare prenatal testing of a baby with no family history of the disorder is not usually through since the test is so expensive.Prognosis Without treatment most babies die within the first year of life.Treatment Options The most effective treatment for SCID is a bone marrow stem cell transplant. A bone marrow transplant from a tissue-matched sibling offers the greatest chance for curing SCID. However, most patients do not have a matched sibling donor, so transplants from a relative or un relate matched donor are a lot carried out. These types of transplants have a less chance of succeeding compared to transplants from a matched, related donor. Transplants that are done in the first three months of life have the highest success rate.SRY GeneThe SRY gene gives instructions for producing the sex-determining region Y protein. This protein is tortuous in male sexual development. The X and Y chromosomes determine whether a fetus will become a male or female. Females usually have two X chromosomes (XX), while males usually have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome (XY). The SRY gene is located on the Y chromosome. The sex-determining region Y protein produced from this gene attaches to specific regions of DNA and begins processes that cause a fetus to develop male gonads and stop the development of female fruitful organs .

Literature On Yoga And Dysmenorrhea

Literature On Yoga And DysmenorrheaA great literary productions is chiefly a product of inquiring promontorys in revolt against the firm certainities of nation - Mecken H.C. Literature serves a number of important functions in the interrogation act upon. It protagonists the searcher to generate ideas or to focus on a interrogation topic. It also can be useful in pointing push through the research design, methodology, pixilateding of tools and type of statistical analysis that might be juicy in pursuing the research problem. check of literature of the take necessitate is arranged under the following headings.Review related to dysmenorrheaStudies related to dysmenorrheaReview related to yogaStudies related to yoga on underscore and dysmenorrheaREVIEW think TO DYSMENORRHEADYSMENORRHEADysmenorrhea is a gynaecological medical condition characterized by severe uterine chafe due to painful cramps during menstruation. Menstrual cramps usu tout ensembley last from a a few(pre nominal) hours to several days and ease as the cycle progresses.TYPES OF DYSMENORRHEAPrimary dysmenorrhea vicarious dysmenorrheaPRIMARY DYSMENORRHEAPrimary dysmenorrhea means pain recurred regularly or inside a year or twain of the first puberty.SECONDARY DYSMENORRHEAIt is associated with gynecologic dis companys such as endometriosis or pelvic abnormalities. inconvenience begins long time after periods started.Secondary dysmenorrhea can be ca utilise by the followingEndometriosis. descent and tissue being discharged through a narrow cervix.uterine fibroid or ovarian cyst.Infections of the uterus.Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).Intrauterine eddy (IUD).PRIMARY DYSMENORRHEAThe causes of primary dysmenorrhea beStrong uterine contractions which is stimulated by increased production of the hormone prostaglandin by the lining of the uterus (endometrium). foreboding and hear.Blood and tissue being discharged through a narrow cervix.Displaced uterus.Lack of exercise.Associated wor k outs in primary dysmenorrheaUse of caffeine or nicotine.Stress. The period of dysmenorrhea may vary according to general health or psychological state. While emotional or psychological factors dont cause the pain, they can decline it or cause some women to be less responsive to discussion.Family tale of dysmenorrhea.Lack of exercise poor diet.Signs and symptomsDiarrhea (occasion bothy) or constipation.Sweating.Nausea and vomit (sometimes).Cramping sharp pains in the lower abdomen, lower stake and thighs.Pain starts at the on pit of menses and lasts for hours to days.Lack of energy.Urinary frequency.Irrit tycoon, nervousness, depression.Fainting.Headaches. troublenutritionalNutritional supplements like omega-3 fatty acids (fat compounds found in unctuous fish, such as salmon and tuna), magnesium, vitamin E, zinc, and thiamine (vitamin B1) are payoffive in treating dysmenorrhea. Intake of plenty of whole grains, fresh fruits and vegetables, and avoiding saturated fats and c ommercial quarrel foods is also beneficial. Limiting salt may help to reduce bloating. garnish caffeine, sugar, and alcohol intake ordain help in reducing the put on the line of dysmenorrhea.Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)The pain of primary dysmenorrheal is relieved by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. acetylsalicylic acid is the most common NSAIDNon-drug therapiesYoga Therapy, exercise, acupuncture, acupressure, behavioral therapy, Transcutaneous electric automobile fount stimulation (TENS) and chiropractic care are effectual in treating dysmenorrhea.Yogic ManagementThe pigeon pose, the hero pose the best way of calming the thoughts and depressuriseing the soundbox and wide squat pose is very useful in reducing the hip pain.Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve StimulationTranscutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) is a mode of treatment which uses low- take aim galvanising pulses to suppress back pain. The standard approach is to give 80 to hundred pulses per second, for 45 minutes, three times a day.STUDIES RELATED TO DYSMENORRHEALiliwat et al (2006) conducted a study to plant the prevalence of dysmenorrhea, its associated factors and its effects on give lessons activities among insubstantial girls in a petty(a) school in a rude district of Selangor, Malaysia. The prevalence of dysmenorrhea was 62.3%. It was significantly higher in the middle adolescence (15 to 17 years old) age group, girls with regular menstrual cycle and a imperative family history. There was no significant association with mean age of menarche and era of menstruation. The number of school and class absences increased with increasing severity of dysmenorrhea. The mean pain score was significantly higher in girls who inform to be unable to participate in sports and with poor concentration in class. Dysmenorrhea among the c waive girls was found to be common. It had significant negative blow in their school performance and activities.Wilson et al (2003) stated that the volume of the feminine youngs have been place dysmenorrhea and premenstrual symptoms as problems that affect the academic performance and an important factor for school absenteeism. They surveyed eighty-eight young-bearing(prenominal) high school insubstantials in two separate somatogenic education classes at high school adolescents in Pune for the prevalence of dysmenorrhea and premenstrual symptoms. The results showed that 86% (76 out of 88) had premenstrual symptoms and 91% (80 out of 88) had dysmenorrhea and most of the girls were unaware of the causes and treatments of these symptoms. Subsequently, a model was designed to educate girls in self-help methods and to screen for and detect these problems.Dittakarn et al (2003) conducted a study to determine the prevalence of dysmenorrheal and its jolt on school attendance, academic performance, social activities and knowledge of treatment in Thai adolescents. Dysmenorrhea was a significant public healt h problem. It had an impact on academic activities. Most of the subjects knew that Paracetamol is the drug that help to relief their symptoms. indigo K Agarwal Anju Agarwal (2002) conducted an explorative study to measure out the prevalence of dysmenorrhea its severity with associated symptoms in high school adolescent girls of the age group within 15 to 20 years at Gwalior. They concluded that the prevalence of dysmenorrhea was 79.67% and majority of them, 37.96%, suffered regularly from dysmenorrhea severity. The three most common symptoms present on day before and first day of menstruation were lethargy, tiredness, depression, inability to concentrate in work.Wilson (2002) conducted a study to assess the prevalence of dysmenorrhea among adolescents of 14-16 years in Switzerland exploitation questionnaire. Among 327 cases, 185 cases (56.6%) report dysmenorrhea. Among them 95 (31.7%) had lowly dysmenorrhea, 45(15%) had moderate dysmenorrhea and 17 (5.7%) had severe dysmenorrhe a.Martin et al (2001) conducted a study to assess the prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhea among adolescents. A 95-item menstrual opinion Form was administered to 207 suburban-based adolescent females in Turkey. Subjects had a mean age of 17.6 years, 89% were white, 59% were in high school, and 28% were in college. Almost all subjects account dysmenorrhea (96%) or moderate (89%) severity while many reported changes they considered severe (59%) or extreme (43%). The most commonly reported changes in animal(prenominal) condition were general discomfort, water retention symptoms, fatigue, and autonomic visible changes. The most commonly reported changes in mood and behavior include impaired social function, depressive changes, and impulsive behavior. These changes were most severe in those adolescents who reported having dysmenorrhea.Banikarim et al (2000) conducted a study to determine the prevalence of dysmenorrhea among Hispanic female adolescents its impact on academic perfo rmance, school attendance, and sports and social activities and its management. A measure of 706 Hispanic female adolescents, in grades nine to twelve, completed a 31-item questionnaire close to the presence, duration, severity, treatment, and limitations of dysmenorrhea at a local urban high school. Dysmenorrhea was highly prevailing among Hispanic adolescents and was related to school absenteeism and limitations on social, academic, and sports activities. Most of the adolescents did not attempt medical advice for dysmenorrhea.Hillen et al (1999) conducted a study to explore the prevalence of dysmenorrhea and its impact on school, sporting, social activities, management strategies, and their knowledge of available treatment among senior(a) high school girls in Perth, Western Australia. A total of 388 female students in Grades 11 and 12 at three metropolitan secondary schools completed an anonymous questionnaire administered during class time. it was found that the prevalence a nd impact of dysmenorrhea was high, and they need knowledge and experience of effective treatment. Health education measures were needed to check unnecessary suffering and interruption to school routine.REVIEW RELATED TO YOGApresentation to yogaYoga is becoming popular in all parts of the world. For the restless mind it gives solace For the sick it is a boon For the common man it is the look of the day to keep him fit and beautiful. Some use it for improving store intelligence and creativity with its multifold advantages it is becoming a part of education. Specialists use it to pass around deeper layers of consciousness in their move towards perfection.DefinitionThe term yoga comes from a Sanskrit pronounce which means yoke or union. Traditionally, yoga is a method joining the psyche self with the Divine, Universal Spirit, or Cosmic Consciousness. Physical and mental exercises are designed to help achieve this goal, also called self-transcendence or enlightenment.On the physi cal level, yoga prams, called asanas, are designed to tone, strengthen, and align the carcass. These postures are performed to make the spine supple, reasoning(a) and to promote blood flow to all the organs, glands, and tissues, keep all the constitutions of the body healthy.On the mental level, yoga uses respire techniques (pranayama) and meditation (dyana) to quiet, clarify, and discipline the mind.PurposeYoga is used to alleviate problems associated with high blood pressure, high cholesterol, migraine headaches, asthma, shallow airing, backaches, constipation, diabetes, menopause, sixfold sclerosis, varicose veins, carpal tunnel syndrome and many chronic illnesses. It also has the ability to promote relaxation and reduce stress.As of late 2002, yoga is increasingly recommended for dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome, and early(a) disorders. Hatha yoga, a path of yoga is based on physical purification, modify and self-transformation. It encompasses a system of rules of a sanas (postures), which helps to promote mental and physical intimately-being, with particular idiom on making the spine supple and healthy and increase circulation and allow the mind to focus and become free from distraction for long periods of meditation, on with pranayama (breath control). It is a highly developed system of nearly 200 physical postures, movements and breathing techniques designed to tune the body to its optimal health.Yoga counters menstrual problemsYoga encompasses breathing techniques which relaxes the body, which is helpful in relieving stress due menstruation. Performing the various positions in Yoga promotes body flexibility, the muscles become supple helps eliminating pain due to menstrual cramps and other causes.Yoga improves the well-being. Yoga teaches women not to focus too much on the problem, rather it teaches them to rent to accept the inevitable changes in life.Yoga, being a physical breathing exercise, promotes good blood circulation. As a resu lt, menstrual cycle will not be a problem anymore, thus minimizing pain.Yogasanas effective in reducing dysmenorrhea and stressCobra Pose (Bhujangasana) is one of the very powerful half-witted bending asana in Hatha Yoga beneficial for people with lower back aches. This posture decreases stiffness in the lower back, enlarges the chest, and strengthens the arms and shoulders. This Asana is also good to battle menstrual irregularities, and helps relieve stress. It has a huge amount of benefits which cover all the body systems. In women it tones the ovaries and the uterus and helps to alleviate gynaecological disorders such as leucorrhea, dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea.Adho mukha Virasana (heros pose) reduces fat around the thighs calves. It improves the digestion quietens the mind and reduces tension and congestion in pelvic organs.Corpse Pose (Shavasana) the body parts are progressively stretched and relax muscles. It aids in complete relaxation.Dhanurasana strengthens the back muscl es and gastro in runninginal problems associated with menstruation.Pigeon pose opens the hips and help to prevent lower back pain.Wide squat pose opens steady hips, releases tension in the lower back and stretches out the muscles in the feet.STUDIES RELATED TO YOGA ON STRESS AND DYSMENORRHEABerger et al (2009) conducted a study to assess the effect of yoga on wellbeing, stress due to dysmenorrhea among fourth and fifth-grade students in Bronx, New York. The majority of students participated in yoga reported enhanced wellbeing, as reflected by perceived improvements in behaviors such as strength, flexibility, balance. The results suggested that yoga is a preventive intervention as well as a means of relieving dysmenorrhea and stress.Hartfiel et al (2009) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of yoga in enhancing emotional well-being and resilience to stress among university employees at Dru Education Centre, Snowdonia, United Kingdom. Six-week yoga intervention resulted in s ignificant improvements in feelings of clear-mindedness, composure, elation, energy, and confidence. In addition, the yoga group reported increased life purpose and satisfaction, and feelings of greater assurance during stressful situations. It was concluded that even a short program of yoga was effective for enhancing emotional well-being and resilience to stress in the workplace.Laura (2008) said that stress due to dysmenorrhea can have an impact on students academic performance. He conducted a study to assess the impact of stress factors due to dysmenorrhea on college students academic performance. Twenty students of University of North Carolina at Charlotte participated in the study. They were asked to complete a survey, including the perceived stress scale. Most of the students reported inadequate sleep and absenteeism. brownish (2000) said that Dysmenorrhoea is characterized by cramping lower abdominal pain that may give off to the lower back and upper thighs and is commonly associated with nausea, headache, fatigue and diarrhea. He conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of yoga therapy on dysmenorrhea at New Zealand. He found that yoga reduced the Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ) score during the menstrual microscope stage (P Anice George, (1998) conducted a study to estimate the incidence of dysmenorrhea , relationship between stress and dysmenorrhea and the effect of planned yoga therapy for 12 weeks on dysmenorrhea and stress of adolescent girls in Karnataka state. An explorative survey technique was used for the first mannikin, and the second phase used evaluative approach with pre-test post-test control group design, where a 12 weeks yoga therapy was used as the intervention. She concluded that the incidence of dysmenorrhea was 87.87%. A significant compulsive correlation (r= 0.1275, P CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKThe conceptual framework of the present study was developed by the investigator based on Ludwig Von Bertanlanffys everyda y System theory of learning (1968). A system is a set of interrelated parts that come together to form a Whole. for each one part is necessary to make a complete, meaningful whole. This consists of components like,InputThroughput product andFeedback.In the present study the adolescent girls were considered as an open system. The system uses infix to maintain homeostasis.INPUTThe first component of a system is input, which is the information, energy or matter, which enters a system. For a system to work well, input should contribute to achieve the purpose of the system. It refers to demographic data of adolescent girls (age, order of birth, religion and occupation of the mother or primary care giver), pre test level of stress during dysmenorrhea, level of dysmenorrhea and plan for yoga therapy. These factors are taken into friendship as input for assessing the level of dysmenorrhea, stress during dysmenorrhea of the adolescent girls.THROUGHPUT/ PROCESSIt is the process that allows the input to be changed, so that it is useful to the system. The action needed to attain the desired task. The task is to implement yoga therapy and to assess the post test level of stress and dysmenorrhea. sidetrackBased on the input and throughput, the system returns to the surround in an altered state, the end result of product of the system. Outputs vary widely depending on the type and purpose of the system affecting the environment. Therefore the output signal refers to the reduction of the stress and dysmenorrhea. Level of stress and dysmenorrhea was interpreted as no, mild, moderate, and severe.FEEDBACKIt refers to determine whether or not the end result of the system has been achieved. Feed back emphasizes the effect of the input, throughput and output. It shows that, whether no stress or mild stress or moderate stress or severe stress, no dysmenorrhea or mild dysmenorrhea or moderate dysmenorrhea or severe dysmenorrhea is experienced by adolescent girls.FIGURE 1 CONCEP TUAL FRAME WORKINPUTOUTPUTPRE TEST grow of the adolescent girlOrder if birth theologyOccupation of the mother or care giverCLINICAL VARIABLESAge at menarcheRegularity of menstrual cycleMenstrual cycle design of pads used per dayuse of medicationsAssessment of level of stress victimisation perceived stress scale and the level of dysmenorrhea using menstrual incommode checklistPlan for Yoga therapyTHROUGHPUTFEEDBACKAfter the yoga therapyreduction inthe level of stress anddysmenorrhea among adolescent girlsPOST TESTAssessment of level of stress and dysmenorrhea among adolescent girls using structured interview questionnaire.

Higher Education And Social Awareness

Higher bringing up And Social Awargonness demonstrationIndias high gentility is the third largest one after the U.S.A. and China. For old age India has made an impact in the world economy by providing intellectuals to the world. hardly that alone lead non serve the purpose. The expectation from high(prenominal)(prenominal) nurture is more than that. University Grants Commission proclaims the objectives of Indian high pedagogics in its twelfth five year plan Higher reading is about promoting excellence in more tracks than one at individual level, it is an instrumentate of upward mobility through cultivation of excellence for national economy, excellence of behave force is a pre-requisite of sustained growth and for humankind, excellence is a mustiness for extending the frontiers of knowledge and cultivation of valueHigher teaching method should puzzle intelligence, men and Values. While analyzing the above objectives India has brought intelligence and workforce f or the country but the head word is whether the higher rearing administration brings values or complaisant associate among the students. Education should not stop with just acquiring the intelligence to catch more income and leading a sophisticated life. It should create friendly sentience and self-aw arness. nowa mean solar days the social life is eroding in India. The educated persons are ignorant of not exclusively the long accepted social values but also the modern values of secularism, socialism, democracy and professional ethics.A recent news paper reveals that a husband and wife, both who are in Indian Administration Service have amazed dope of wealth through corruption. This brings us the head word that why these highly move people engage in corruption. Also another recent draw on newspaper shows that most of the criminals today are the educated people. promptly we have to think that what is wrong in the education which they acquired. It is the lack of social concern in the education. In this regard it is important to analyse whether higher education is providing the right platform for social thinking.AUTONOMY IN higher(prenominal) EDUCATIONOne of the complete changes in higher education is the entryway of autonomy. Autonomy and accountability goes hand in hand. This submits the college freedom to design their curriculum. regrettably most of the colleges use this status as a means for broth raising. Also while designing the curriculum they give prime impressiveness to employability and least importance to ethical and social values. This go forth pave way for a self-centered attitude among the educated elite. Transparency of curriculum to the joint man is crucial in making autonomy by deliverance social values in it. The political relation should monitor the autonomous colleges through universities so that autonomy is not misused by the colleges. But the wretched aspects of the universities are that their focus and objectives ar e far away from developing the higher education.CHOICE-BASED CREDIT SYSTEMat once most of the colleges are following the CBCS system in providing education. This system, which was imposed by the politics, also plys however a marginal scope for imparting social values. The important feature of CBCS is that it concentrates more on skill based electives and non-major electives. Even the system adopted by the government is not providing a platform for socially relevant higher education in India.PRIVATISATION OF higher(prenominal) EDUCATIONToday the government allows the secluded parties to make out in higher education. The role of secret parties in higher education is inevitable. But private education mostly concentrates on technical education rather than Arts and Science. Social values are not a part in the technical education. Also an extension activity was not a part in its curriculum. once more these private institutions compete from each one other to admit students. So they spent crores of rupees for advertisement and campus interview but they do not concentrate on the wholistic development of the students. Finally the students move around intellectuals without social awareness. A strict control on private higher education institutions are the requisite for creating social ethics among the students.FOREIGN UNIVERSITIESToday the much debated topic on higher education is allowing the foreign universities to provide higher education in India. The argument kept by the topical UPA II government is that it creates a healthy competition which in rescind pass on increase efficiency and efficiency will bring superior in higher education. This argument is correct partly. But the main question unanswered is whether these institutions female genitalia provide a platform for our students to learn our tralatitious values and customs. The qualities of such universities are doubtful because except the third be foreign universities are coming to India and the ir motive is to make profit only. So they do not provide the socially relevant higher education. Again even if they provide the social values in education that will be the westernized values which does not suit our country. The social values will erode and finally a chaos will prevail in our country.Another danger of allowing foreign universities in India is that the Indian institutions, mostly private has to compete with foreign universities in admitting the students. So in order to hap the competitions of these foreign universities, our universities also have to engage in concentrating on providing only employable skills and not the social values. So this move is also tone ending to endanger the minimum social values provided in India today. So the government has to be cautious in bringing foreign universities to India.GOVERNMENT AND HIGHER EDUCATIONThe role of government is crucial in bringing higher education with social concern. The government of India in its action plan ens hroud of 12th plan has emphasised that higher education should be interpreted out from the non-profit zone and a nominal profit should be implemented. and then the main stake holder of higher education is trying to bring higher education towards profit earning welkin. So social values will take the second seat. The government considers higher education as a liability. on that point is also lack of co-ordination among the institution like HRD, UGC, AIT etc. which monitors the higher education in India.MARKET ECONOMY AND HIGHER EDUCATIONToday all aspects are determined by the commercialize economy. It has also touched(p) the higher education. The market economy always imparts a pressure on the students from the school education. It wants people to acquire employable skills to work in the private concern. On the one hand the employment in organized sector is diminishing and on the other hand the job opportunities are only available in private concerns. So survival of the fittest i s the order of the day and this makes the students to concentrate more on acquiring knowledge rather than combat-ready in social agitation or controvertions in social aspects. The education providers are also not providing the room for the students to discuss the social evils. The bliss of learning is missing today. Thus the market economy provides the students with lop sided development. A capitalistic attitude is prevailing among the educated students.The market also fixes the operate for the teachers in private higher education institution. As the supply exceeds the demand, the market wage is low. So these teachers do not have the urge to provide a socially relevant education. They are not ready to discuss things which are outside the curriculum (i.e) social issues and the management also does not permit them. Only good salary and job security can motivate the teachers to discuss social issues.It is also disheartening to note that 80 percent of the graduates of Metropolitan c ities prefer to work in foreign countries. This shows that our education was not able to inspire the young generation to a honourable commitment of working in India for the well being of common man. expirationThe above analysis highlights that the present higher education provides a lop-sided development. It provides only intelligence, but not the emotional intelligence and social concern. This is a precarious sign as most of these students may be intelligent criminals. There is difference between education with social concern and education without social concern. A best example is the terrorists who demolished the twin buildings of U.S.A. He is really intelligent in hijacking a flight and entering into the rule of U.S.A. But he does not have the social concern and tenderness to the persons in towers and their relatives. So there is an urgent need for a radical change in the higher education through which we have to intromit social concern, which will in turn will bring collec ted co-existence of the people of India.ReferencesBhattacharya,J. (2012), Higher Education in India Issues, Concern and Remedies, University News, Vol.50, none17.Government of India (2013) 12th Five Year Plan 2012-2017,New Delhi Planning Commission.Jitendra Gandhi (2013), Life Skill Education An Urgent Need in Higher Education, University News, December 09-15, Vol. 51., No. 49.Kumaran,D. Hemalatha Kalaimathi,D (2006), Development and Validation of Social Skills Rating Scale, Journal of Edutracks, 2006, Vol.5, No.8.Manish Lathe (2009), worked up Intelligence of Teacher Trainess, Edutracks, May 2009, Vol.8, No.9.

Morality and ethics in international laws

well-behavedity and ethics in inter national lawsIntroductionAll of international laws put great accent on clean-livingity and use of ethics. cleanity is one of main criterions in foreign affairs. M all checks at international level provide an placard of international relations, which focus on the interp posture between power and exampleity. International level virtuousity captures a holistic framework to analyze the main brain to normative theories, namely some of righteous set that argon attributed to bad-tempered political activities against humanity as a whole, or whitethorn be the claims of any individual human experienceence. This all-important(a) question is at the nerve of international level devotion relations being one of most(prenominal) challenging lesson questions.Recently, the international community comes up with great strides. It widely accepted the clean responsibility to protect in most of the situations where the realm could non fulfill it s obligations of protecting its deliver people. Morality and ethics are increasingly becoming fashionable and discussed on diametrical levels of international pedagogy as well. Morality issues run doneout the lives of people, without making any separate between their individualised and professional identities.The foremost goal of national procreation policies is the cite mental synthesis and encouraging students to learn righteous pry of honesty, abide byfulness, tolerance, sympathy, and truthfulness. The sate of textbooks should mainly focus on these example set. If the limit is effective and delivered in an effective and efficient way to students, save then they are able-bodied of increasing the upcountryization of incorrupt intimacy. In order to minimize the first step between students chaste breeding and practice, it is needed to raise such a policy that involve darling substance to evidentiary extent in the textbooks of middle and secondary clas ses.National discipline policies aim to imply chaste conclude and honourable training as an substantial curricular component of the domesticate experience. Moral direction is the main part of an educational backdrop throughout the history of any country. The 21st carbon is not able to afford any exception. Education policies at national level must embed the course of aboriginal and secondary civilises into the honourable subject field areas like Social Studies and Moslem Studies. With the subjects such as English, Urdu, Islamic Studies, Social Studies, Science, and other elective and compulsory subjects, schools can easily accelerate honourable cogitate without any need to create an additional function depicting clean-living nub.Introducing a object lesson debate and moral information curriculum through matter-integrated curriculum facilitates the moral learnment of the students. Traditionally, people precede moral education through variant perspectives . Interpretation of students moral fellowship should be developed by taking into vizor the heathen influences. However, not all the cultures depict same moral values. Therefore, it is unavoidable to cook culture-free the future direction in moral conclude.Embedding moral content in the content of school textbooks encourages many students to develop their moral timbre. The moral standard of stark naked curriculum in primary and secondary schools intends to lay such a foundation for students that gives them moral knowledge, develops moral character, responsibility, truthfulness, honesty, and utmost standards of spirit and behavior. Moral values implied in the moral content of textbooks can be divided into several(prenominal) other categories of respectfulness, tolerance, kindness, awareness of rights, and sentiency of responsibility.Size of Moral ContentThe school textbooks provide comprehensive knowledge active pietism. It covers a wide image of moral content including culture, accessible emotional state, geography, politics, and environment. Through the moral content, students are able to make their birth decisions and moral judgments. They are able of intelligence the importance of moral values that are taught in their primary and secondary curriculum. Moreover, moral education is not totally possible through instructing the student on how to behave in the moral domain. The process should to a fault cover the suppuration of moral reason of individuals as well as dealing with varied moral issues.The primary goal of the schools is not only promoting the academic r severally outments. However, the schools are in real need to arouse moral character and moral study of students as well. Therefore, major part of the content in school textbooks is the moral content that focused on different moral values. With the help of such moral content, students learn many skills on declaration conflicts peacefully. They practice pro-social behaviors an d engage themselves in services that result in less incidence of violence. The students master the basic moral knowledge and develop self-innovation skills and their own learning.The purpose of moral education is to develop moral virtues and personalized character development of students. It helps in improving learning environment, promoting student achievements, building student character, and reducing disciplinary problems. Studying the moral content in school textbooks turns the students into good and responsible citizen, who are capable of cultivating their moral values efficiently. By studying the different facts of their own lives, they assort their moral orientation and achieve correct moral values. It taught the students ideological, civil, traditional, and moral education.Incorporating a wide range of moral content in the content of textbooks is important for all schools. instruction moral education to students of primary and secondary schools is all about bragging(a) them enough skills to fight with several moral dilemmas that they may face in their daily lives. Moral education is no longer the teachings of religious morality rather it is about the basic character education. Students are able to split moral dilemmas peacefully without creating any violence. An effective moral education may revolve around specific strategies that help students in dealing with disillusion and focusing on creation of a culture that would support the aflame and moral growth of the teachers.It is imperative to include large portion of moral content in education for the moral development of the students throughout their lives. Moral education in schools is effective for building character, sense of responsibilities, and moral values in students. The primary and secondary curriculum over time include it along with mathematics, reading, and writing. In some schools, moral education is a new concept and in many others, it is just a constant yarn that has been seen t hroughout the history and facilitating the growth through levels of moral development.Developing moral reasoningThe content of school textbooks on moral reasoning covers oft of the social studies and arts curriculum. The content provided developing moral reasoning successfully fulfils it in daily lives of students. The incorporation of content about moral reasoning in curriculum is sufficient to move the students through stages of moral reasoning in efficient manner. Shared leadership and discussion are necessary curricular components of all schools. Schools teach morality inherently by transport to students what one expects of them regarding what is right and wrong. Teachers help them to reflect on moral reasoning efficiently.Moral reasoning comprises of abstract concepts that students can examine and evaluate through dilemma-based discussions in their schools. It lets the students to present and discuss open-based scenarios. The content about moral reasoning makes the students to think contextually and analytically, who are then able to make conscious decisions based on social and historical context. Therefore, it is best to embed moral reasoning in content areas of language arts and social studies specifically for dilemma-based discussions.Embedding the moral reasoning content into the core content parts of school textbooks allows both the teachers and their students to record in integrated discussions throughout the school course of study and at different times rather in isolation. The pressure on students to share their decision-making roles provides such situations where moral reasoning can be applied. It is important to apply it in conjunction with dilemma-based discussions. Moral reasoning allows the students to practice it through their abstract thoughts and discussions. Moral reasoning helps the students to cover quickly the stages of moral development. It allows the schools to obtain their mission of an educated citizenry through content-integ rated and dilemma-based discussions. Allowing for student ownership in the school is an important aspect of moral education approach. Schools must implement this approach programmatically to achieve goal of an educated citizenry. The school administration take to model it in order for students, who can internalize it. This approach depends on principles of fairness and justice in society.The contents about moral reasoning in school textbooks depend largely on the moral concepts that include students intention and understanding in relation to their actions. victimisation this approach, teachers are responsible for engaging students emotionally and expertly through several discussions and solving moral dilemmas and issues. It helps the students to reach at high stage of moral thinking. Since moral thoughts goes through sequence of development stages, teachers must assist students throughout this process. Teachers play a vital role by closely listen to students in order to have bet ter understanding of their reasoning and dower them in moving to next level of reasoning. Kohlbergs stages of moral development as a theoretical framework facilitate the development of moral reasoning. During the stage of world(a) principles, the moral reasoning of individuals is beyond the strict rules of the society. disrespect, it is beyond the social norms founded on abstract principles. Kohlberg believed that very few people achieve this stage where moral reasoning is guided by those internal universal standards, which supersede laws. The content provided developing moral reasoning exhibits its varying degrees from diaphanous religiosity to the secular overtones throughout students liveliness.Content about moral informationA large proportion of the contents of school textbooks explore the moral information and examine whether these contents properly address the content about moral information and knowledge of the students. Moral information is an important curriculum in ed ucation that targets in guiding students to live comfortable life and to become responsible citizen. Morality causes them to integrate into their community and learn how to authorize problems of their lives.The most important responsibility and purpose of the content about moral information is to make students of primary and secondary classes to learn to live a healthy and civilized life. The moral content guides them in developing high standards of moral values. It encourages them to develop and explore the innovative spirit of science and polite virtues as well. Moreover, moral information leads to a good moral character and behavior habits of the students that enable them to live happy lives. Through moral knowledge and information, they learn about the development of their own in an effective way.Students of earlier grades are capable of learning skills more than the students in higher grades of education learn. Moral content of the school textbooks provides them such learnin g skills to face the challenges of life with confidence and solve daily life problems peacefully. They learn to develop their own life skills and avoid disasters and risks in their lives. Moral education guides them about the correct moral orientation and facts regarding their own lives. They analyze and adopt the moral values that play important role in the moral development of their own caring character. Such moral content successfully addresses the principles regarding psychology and carnal development of the students.The content of school textbooks about moral information comprises of different categories. These revolve around making the students to love their motherland and their hometown. It guides them kindness to others, sense of participation in society, sense of responsibility, awareness of rights, traditional virtues, national unity, trustworthiness, respect for teachers, and love for younger individuals. It helps in developing mental health of students, their occupation al satisfaction, consciousness of peace, and global consciousness.Moral information in curriculum aims to make students productive and contributing social members of the community. It provides them with basic knowledge about cultural literacy and introduces them to the cultural traditions while shaping their moral identity. Living in a liberal environment, the main objective of moral education is to provide intellectual skills to students that help them in making responsible and informed decisions about the problems considered being of moral importance. It intends to promote deep sense of concern in students for the social welfare and betterment of the nation.Educating students provided the moral content and information in school textbooks is a challenge largely due to the reason that it does not provide a guarantee that the students would become just persons morally through the principles of common good. cardinal of the major challenges that come up with moral education is that w hat schools teach children may differ a great deal, to what parents prefer their children to learn. Provided different understanding of morality and moral information, the subject offered different forms depending upon the country where it is taught. Human rights education, character education, personal education, social, and civic education are some of the forms of moral education.Content addressing each moral value different at different level of learningsome(a) of the problems remain there in the moral content of school textbooks. The moral content provides a comprehensive knowledge. However, each moral value addressed is different at different level of learning. For example, the moral content on respectfulness of teachers, parents, and elders vary in large proportion to the moral content on sense of democracy, responsibility, and equality in society.Analysis of school textbooks shows addressing each moral value in different way at different level of understanding. each moral val ue of truthfulness, honesty, sympathy, and tolerance presents ratios of different values. Furthermore, the school textbooks content is closer to the experiences of students in cities and lacks the content related to the experiences of agrestic students. No doubt, a great deal of historical and geographical knowledge is available as compared to the moral knowledge. The content of these textbooks need to include good proportion of each moral value as the moral and character building is important aim of education.Different conceptions of moral education exist to answer conglomerate questions regarding the extent to which moral education should comprise of. Some focus on the learning and teaching of moral virtues while others promote the moral practice. Some still consider development of moral reasoning and education as an emotional upbringing. Whichever these of conceptions about moral education in textbooks is right, it is not wrong saying that all conceptions strive towards the sam e objective. Despite addressing moral education different at different level of learning, its only objective is the education of mature individuals who have the abilities of independent action moral reasoning.Estimation of content addressing moral virtues among studentsSchool textbooks content address moral virtues among students to great extent. Some of the exercises and practical activities given in the textbooks encourage students to introduce in moral development of their character. The main objective of these activities is to offer moral education for students and develop clear understanding of different aspects of real world. However, the internal moral education of students is considered to be abstract. Teaching learning methods for carrying out the activities and resolving problems provided in textbooks develop creative capabilities in students and help them in understanding and experiencing the problems in real life.The key problem of whether a student changes attitudes, a nd fills the prison-breaking between moral knowledge and moral practice along with forming good habits is not much paid attention or examined in detail. meliorate the moral content of curriculum is necessary in some schools. Each student must set clear objectives based on cognitive and physical development in every grade. Teachers are responsible for well-read what the students require to achieve in each of their grades in school. They should force students to participate excessively in such activities that plays important role in the moral development.The responsibility for moral education sometimes lies with parents and followed by other social organizations and institutions, among which primary and secondary schools lead the way certainly. Although moral education is not considered as a subject course, it is clear that it is central part of any educational process. Conclusion/RecommendationsThe moral content should be capable of knowing the past and connecting with the future . Therefore, the students can develop clear understanding of each moral virtue and its practice. The teaching staff should be trained about the content of morality. Understanding of the morality standards is essential for teachers for improving the multi-disciplinary knowledge and moral information. form _or_ system of government makers are in need of empowering moral education teachers through organizing various workshops that stress on relevant approaches. The recommendation that teachersMoral education and development stimulates the students to high level of moral understanding. Embedding large ratio of moral content in the school textbooks content is considered much relevant and important because of the rectify in social capital. Another reason is the lack of interest in some national issues, weak community bonds, loosening of family, and decline in sense of trust among most of people. One form of moral education is based on liberal thinking that targets to educate both kerne l and mind. Students can learn and internalize logical moral thinking for analyzing moral issues in logical and consistent ways.

Women Employment In India

Wo cash in ones chips pinch Employment In IndiaIndias deliverance has undergone a substantial transport since the countrys independence in 1947. Agriculture now accounts for only one-third of the common municipal product (gross domestic product), down from 59 per cent in 1950, and a wide range of contemporary industries and support services now exist. In spite of these changes, agriculture imp bites to dominate trading, employing two-thirds of on the whole urinateers. India faced scotch problems in the late 1980s and early 1990s that were exacerbated by the Persian disconnection Crisis. Starting in 1992, India began to implement trade liberalization measures. The economy has grown-the GDP growth rate ranged between 5 and 7 percent fore precise year each all over the period and considerable progress has been made in easiness government regulations, tokenly restrictions on private businesses. Different sectors of economy grant different experiences ab forbidden t he impact of the re abidances. In a country the likes of India, productive recitation is central to poverty reduction strategy and to develop ab place economic equality in the society. But the forgets of unfettered doing of market forces argon non always equitable, curiously in India, where just about assorts be likely to be subjected to disadvantage as a result of globalisation. Women constitute one such(prenominal) dangerous group.Since the times immemorial, worth of the work through with(p) or services rendered by women has not been recognized. India is a multifaceted society where no generalization could use to the entire nations confused regional, religious, social, and economic groups. Neverthe little, certain broad circumstances in which Indian women live fall upon the ways they enroll in the economy. Indian society is extremely hierarchal with virtually everyone ranked relative to separates according to their caste (or caste-like group), class, wealth, and power. This ranking stock- subdued exists in beas where it is not openly acknowledged, such as certain business settings. Though specific customs vary from region to region in spite of appearance the country, there ar different standards of behavior for men and women that carry over into the work environment. Women be pass judgment to be chaste and especially soft in all actions that whitethorn constrain their ability to perform in the workplace on an equal basis with men. Another related feel of life in India is that women are generally confined to al-Qaeda thusly restricting their mobility and face seclusion. The women face constraints beyond those already placed on them by other hierarchical practices. These cultural rules place some Indian women, particularly those of grimer caste, in a paradoxical patch when a family suffers economically, people a great incubate think that a woman should go out and work, yet at the equal time the womans participation in practice outside the home is viewed as slightly inappropriate, subtly wrong, and definitely dangerous to their chastity and womanly virtue. When a family recovers from an economic crisis or attempts to improve its status, women whitethorn be kept at home as a demonstration of the familys morality and as a symbol of its financial security. As in many other countries, workings(a) women of all segments of Indian society faces various forms of discrimination including sexual harassment. eve professional women kick downstairs discrimination to be prevalent two-thirds of the women in one study tangle that they had to work harder to put on the same benefits as comparably utilize men.A section of Indian womenthe elite and the upper middle class postulate gained by the mental picture to the global network. more(prenominal) than women are engaged in business enterprises, in world-wide platforms like the Inter-Parliamentary Union, and have greater race opportunities as a res ult of international network. Freer movement of goods and capital is helpful to this section. But most(prenominal) women continue to remain fringyized as they are generally employed in a chain of work and seldom allowed commutative charge of her job. communion of responsibility at work place or taking self-employed person decisions is still a remote possibility for them. Economic independence of women is all-important(a) as it enhances their ability to take decisions and exercise freedom of choice, action. many an(prenominal) of the workingwomen, who examine their own income, do contri simplye towards the economic call for of family as and when required. They practically participate in discussions at their work place and their views are haved due weightage before any final decision. holdingwomen do use and turn over their income at their own sweet lead solely sometimes permit of the conserve becomes necessary for the purpose. However when it comes to making inves tments, they of ex leave it to their husband or other male member of the family to invest on their behalf. Many of them do not take decision even so in field of important investments, like, life insurance, national saving schemes or other value saving investments. Workingwomen do feel concerned about the economic hires of the family but when not consulted in such matters, they regret macrocosm neglected especially when they contribute monetarily towards economic wellbeing of the family. After globalization women are able to get more jobs but the work they get is more episodic in nature or is the one that men do not prefer to do or is left by them to move to high or better jobs. Globalization has indeed raised hopes of women for a better and elevated status arising out of increased chances to work but, at the same time, it has put them in a super contradictory situation where they have the label of economically independent gainful workers but are not able to enjoy their ec onomic liberty in signifi nett smell out of the term. India is the first among countries to give women equal franchise and has a highly credible record with regard to the enactment of laws to protect and promote the interests of women, but women continue to be denied economic, social and legal beneficials and privileges. Though they are considered to be equal partners in progress, yet they remain subjected to repression, marginalisation and exploitation. It has been advocated by many researchers (Amartya Sen, 1990) that independent earning opportunities reduce the economic dependence of woman on men and increase her bargaining power in the family. This bargaining power depends on the nature of work she is employed in. But the income earning activities increase the workload of a woman unless(prenominal) the man accepts an increased share in domestic work. Since globalization is introducing technological inputs, women are being marginalized in economic activities, men traditionall y being offered new scopes of learning and training. Consequently, young-bearing(prenominal) workers are joining the promiscuous sector or casual persistence force more than ever before. For instance, slice new rice technology has given rise to higher use of female labor, the increased work-load for women is in operations that are un put down, and often unpaid, since these fall within the category of home production activities. The weaker sections, especially the women, are denied the physical care they deserve. There is, thus, hardly any ability for the majority of Indian women to do valuable functioning the capability to choose from alternatives is outstanding by absence.Although most women in India work and contribute to the economy in one form or other, much of their work is not record or accounted for in official statistics. Women plow fields and harvest crops enchantment working on farms, women weave and profit handicrafts maculation working in mob industries, wome n sell forage and gather wood while working in the idle sector. Additionally, women are traditionally responsible for the daily firm chores (e.g., cooking, fetching water, and looking by and by children). Although the cultural restrictions women face are changing, women are still not as free as men to participate in the formal economy. In the past, cultural restrictions were the primary impediments to female mesh now however the shortage of jobs throughout the country contributes to low female employment as well. The Indian census divides workers into two categories main and marginal workers. Main workers include people who worked for 6 months or more during the year, while marginal workers include those who worked for a shorter period. Many of these workers are agricultural laborers. rent-free farm and family enterprise workers are supposed to be included in all the main worker or marginal worker category, as appropriate. Women account for a small proportion of the formal In dian labor force, even though the subdue of female main workers has grown fast-breaking in recent years than that of their male counterparts.Since Indian culture hinders womens rag to jobs in stores, geneies, and the public sector, the informal sector is particularly important for women. More women whitethorn be involved in undocumented or draped wage work than in the formal labor force. There are estimates that over 90 percent of workingwomen are involved in the informal sector and not included in, official statistics. The informal sector includes jobs such as domestic servant, small trader, artisan, or field laborer on a family farm. Most of these jobs are unskilled and low paying and do not provide benefits to the worker. Although such jobs are supposed to be recorded in the census, undercounting is likely because the boundaries between these activities and other forms of household work do by women are often clouded thus, the actual labor force participation rate for women is likely to be higher than that which can be calculated from available information. Women working in the informal sector of Indias economy are also susceptible to critical financial risks. Particularly vulnerable are the poorest of the poor. Should they become ill, lose their job, or be unable to continue working, they and their families may fall into debt and find themselves in the depths of poverty. At risk are millions of poor who depend on the income generated by one or more women in their household. These women do not have regular salaried employment with welfare benefits like workers in the organized sector of the labor market. distaff workers tend to be jr. than males.According to the 2001 census, the average age of all female workers was 33.6 compared with the male average of 36.50. As per 2011 censusthere areover 1,219,300,00 people living in India, which bothers it the second most populous country in the world, hobby China. Women are 48.50 per cent of the general popu lation of India. There is a gender porta at birth. For every carbon girls born, there are 112 boys born this feast is even wider in some regions.Of all ages, the gender gap is 100 females for every 108 males.In 2009-2010, women were 26.1per cent of all rural workers, and 13.8per cent of all urban workers. As per 2011 census women are an estimated 31.20 per cent of all economically prompt individualistics. Women earn 62per cent of mens salary for equal work and 26.20per cent of women compared to 9.0per cent of men cited a lack of employment models as a restriction to advancement. In an effort to recruit more women employees, some companies are go 25% bonuses for female employee referrals. India ranked towards the bottom of the 134 countries, with a ranking of 113, on the 2011 Global Gender Gap Index. Indian Women received 12 weeks paid maternity leave. India has a young workforce and population. In the next ten years, with both younger people and women entering the workforc e, India expects to add an additional cx million people to its labour force. In the next 40 years, India is communicate to add 424 million working-age adults.These data are reported by topical anaesthetic employment offices that point the number of people looking for work. The accuracy of, these data is questionable because many unemployed people may not register at these offices if there are no perceived benefits to registering. In addition, the offices do work more extensively in urban areas, thus likely undercounting unemployment in rural areas. One would expect that as cultural impediments to work decrease, younger women would be the ones entering the workforce older women who have never worked in the formal sector are not likely to start working later in life. Throughout the economy, women tend to hold lower-level positions than men even when they have sufficient skills to perform higher-level jobs. Researchers have estimated that female agricultural laborers were normally paid 40 to 60 percent of the male wage. Even when women vex similar positions and have similar educational levels, they earn just 80 percent of what men do, though this is better than in most develop countries. The public sector hires a greater share of women than does the private sector, but wages in the public sector are less classless despite laws requiring equal pay for equal work. There is evidence that suggests that technological progress sometimes has a forbid impact on womens employment opportunities. When a new technology is introduced to automate specific manual labor, women may lose their jobs because they are often responsible for the manual duties. For instance, one colonization irrigated its fields through a bucket system in which women were very active. When the village replaced the manual irrigation system with a tube well irrigation system, women lost(p) their jobs. Many other examples exist where manual t gather ups such as stalk rubbing and weeding are re placed by wheat grinding machines, herbicides, and other modern technologies. These examples are not meant to suggest that women would be better off with the unskilled jobs alternatively they illustrate how women have been pushed out of traditional occupations. Women may not benefit from jobs created by the introduction of new technology. New jobs (e.g., wheat grinding machine operator) unremarkably go to men, and it is even archaic for women to be employed in the factories producing such equipment. National Sample Survey data act this trend. Since the 1970s, total female self-employment and regular employment have been decreasing as a proportion of total employment in rural areas, while casual labor has been increasing (NSSO, 1994). Other data reinforce the culmination that employment options for female agricultural workers have declined, and that many women seek casual work in other sectors characterized by low wages and low productivity. Other agricultural work includes wo rkers involved with livestock, forestry, fishing and hunting, plantations, orchards, and related activities.Even if a woman is employed, she may not have control over the money she earns, though this money often plays an important role in the maintenance of the household. In Indian culture women are expected to devote virtually all of their time, energy, and fee to their family. Men, on the other hand, are expected to spend time and at least some of their earnings on activities outside the household. Research has shown that women contribute a higher share of their earnings to the family and are less likely to spend it on themselves. Research has suggested that as the share of the family income contributed by woman increases, so does the likelihood that she will hump this income. However, the termination to which women defy control over their own income varies from household to household and region to region. Many women still sought their husbands permission when they wanted to corrupt something for themselves. In northern India, where more stringent cultural restrictions are in place, it is likely that few women control family finances. Conditions of working women in India have improve considerably in the recent years. Ironically, despite the improvement in their status, they still find themselves dependent on men. It is because of the fact that man in senile society has always wielded economic independence and power to take decision. Since the working woman earns an independent income in the same patriarchal set-up, where the basic al-Qaeda of society has hardly changed, though her own role within the same structure is passing through a transitional phase, it is but subjective that she would remain vulnerable to exploitation even in her economically independent state. Society perhaps yet demands to accord due fruition to women to take the lead role and women, at the same time need to be oriented vigorously towards assuming this role in the societ y.1.2. positioning of Working Women in IndiaTapping its rich mine of educated female endowment fund has been an important factor in allowing India to become one of the worlds fastest-growing economies. But tardily this particular dynamo has been showing signs of strain. According to Women of Tomorrow a recent Nielsen scan of 6,500 women across 21 different nations, Indian women are the most disquieted in the world to sidereal day. An overwhelming 87per cent of Indian women said they felt stressed most of the time, and 82per cent reported that they had no time to relax.The Nielsen surveys respondents damn the difficulty of juggling multiple roles at home and work. Career opportunities for women in the New India are rapidly expanding, but family expectations and social mores remain root in tradition.Not surprisingly, the most stress is felt among women between 25 and 55 years of age, who are trying to balance demanding passages with obligations at home. We observe some of the se pushes and pulls in our research for our upcoming book, winning the war for gift in emerging markets Why Women are the solution.Traditional family structures have a disproportionate effect on Indian women, even those who are urban, college-educated professionals, and especially for those who are the first generation in their families to have a career. Indian women are pulled by demands from relatives as they attempt to conform to the paradigm of nonpareil daughter, ideal wife, and ideal daughter-in-law. Among the many interviews conducted in researching the book, it wasnt at all rare to hear of successful professionals who woke up at 430 a.m. to make breakfast and lunch for children and parents-in-law, put in a full day at work, then returned home to clean up after the wide family and prepare dinner.Ambitious women often feel they have to overcompensate at work, too, to counter ingrained preconceptions about their commitment or competence. Theres a sense that a woman is just wo rking until she gets married, that she is not a semipermanent resource, said one senior finance professional. But proving their worth by putting in longer hours or volunteering for business trips the conventional methods to make headway ones career isnt always possible.Despite the technological prowess of Indias engineers and outsourcing firms, the countrys basic infrastructure isnt sophisticated enough to support telecommuting and work-from-home arrangements on a far-flung basis. Furthermore, flex time is rarely an option in a workplace culture that focuses on face time rather than results, says Hema Ravichandar, human resources consultant and formerly the global head of HR at Infosys. Even in companies which have these facilities, it is not considered the right thing to do if you are overserious about going up the corporate ladder, says Ravichandar.These stresses have serious ramifications for Indias act economic growth. More than half (55per cent) of the Indian women interv iewed have encountered workplace parti pris severe enough to make them consider scaling back their career goals, reducing their ambition and engagement, or quitting al together, feeding into the very biases they grapple with and transaction a sharp blow to the countrys demographic dividend, a key factor in Indias growth which is experiencing its own stress.Some Indian companies are taking steps to help these stressed women. For example, Infosys, the Bangalore-based info-tech powerhouse, offers the Infosys Womens Inclusivity Network (IWIN). IWIN makes Infosys a female-friendly environment by identifying the stress points at which women tend to leave the organization and creating policies that help them deal with those stresses. Surveys showed that many Infosys women dropped out after getting married the numbers skyrocketed after the birth of their first child and were almost universal after the second. In response, Infosys introduced a one-year child care sabbatical with the option of working part-time for the next two years.Further discussions help women have a say in how their company can help their work-life balance. Every year, we ask women, What are three things you want us to do? to make Infosys more castive to them and make it easier for them to do their job, says Nandita Gurjar, senior vice president and group head of human resources. We do all of them.Women are critical contributors in finance, info-tech, pharmaceutical research, and other industries that are driving the growth of India Inc, Easing the stresses that disallow them from reaching their full potential at work is a lustrous way for companies to attract and retain key talent. Keeping womens careers on get over may not guarantee ongoing economic success but not doing so will surely limit it.1.3 Work-Life Status of WomenWork and family life have been an integral part of a womans life. These two together form an integrated whole and therefore attract a dress circle of attention. The need to study the inter-linkages becomes all the more important with an increasing number of women entering the formal labour market. The very fact that they go out of home to work in a public space poses all kinds of pulls and pushes upon home life which includes their work to maintain home and the family. A superfluity of research has been conducted to ascertain the impact of a job outside home on the home life and vice versa or to understand the human relationship between the two. Research so far has been emphasizing the competitiveness between the home and office life of a woman as a result of employment outside the home.1.4 ObjectivesAfter studying this Unit you will be able toDescribe the Quality of Life and its indicatorsAnalyze the grandness of Work-life Balance andDiscuss the significance of developing the strategy to strike a balance in work and life.1.5 DefinitionsIn this section we focus on definitions of work-life balance and work-family expansion.1.6 Work-Life Balance (W LB)Work-life balance is not a new concept. The change in the pattern of work and the concept of the workplace after the industrial revolution in the second half of the 18th century gave a new dimension to the concept of WLB. As time progressed, nuclear families increased. A later change was the fading away of the ideal home in which the earning members spouse took care of the home. With improved education and employment opportunities today, most homes are ones in which both parents work because of necessity and the desire to augment incomes. The need to create congenial conditions in which employees can balance work with their own(prenominal) needs and desires became a factor that companies had to take note of both to retain them as well as to improve productivity. It was a compulsion that they could not afford to ignore. Having realized that, companies started introducing schemes to attract and retain employees and improve their productivity.Work-life balance is the extent to whic h individuals are equally involved in and equally satisfied with- their role and their family role.In his book managing work-life balance, David Clutter buck defines work-life balance asbeing aware of different demands on time and energyhaving the ability to make choices in the allocation of time and energyknowing what values to apply to choices andmaking choices.Work-Life Balance does not mean an equal balance. Trying to inventory an equal number of hours for each of various work and personal activities is usually unrewarding and unrealistic. Life is dynamic and not static. Each persons work-life balance will vary over time, often on a daily basis. The right balance for each one today will probably be different from tomorrow.The right balances differ when one is single and will be different when one marries or has a partner or if they have children. When one starts a new career versus when one is nearing retirement brings changes in work-life balance there is no perfect, one-size fits all, balance that one should be strain for.1.7 Work-Family Expansion refers to the view that simultaneously winsome in multiple work and family roles is beneficial for the physical and mental relationship health of individuals. The quality of the roles, rather than the number of roles occupied or the amount of time spent in a particular role, determine the degree to which individuals experience the positive do of participating in multiple roles.1.8 Importance of work-life balance in womens livesTodays career women are continually challenged by the demands of full-time work and when the day is done at the office, they carry more of the responsibilities and commitments to home. The majority of women are working 40-45 hours per week and the majorities are struggling to achieve work-life balance. Women reported that their lives were a juggling act that included multiple responsibilities at work, heavy meeting schedules, business trips, in addition to managing the daily routine responsibilities of life and home. Successfully achieving work-life balance will ultimately create a more satisfied workforce that contributes to productivity and success in the workplace. Employers can facilitate WLB with many schemes that can attract women employees and satisfy their needs.Some of the schemes areFacilities for child careFinancial preparation services for employees who need themFlexi-timingsWork sharingPart-time employment abandon plans both paid and unpaid to suit employees needsSubsidized food plansInsurance plansCounselling services for problems like managing work and the home difference rooms, food preparation servicesJobs with shore leave and flexibilityRealistic workloads and go over of work subroutinees to see if the burden on employees can be lightened.(Source http//www.indianmba.com/Occasional_Papers/OP183/op183.html)1.9 work-life and family relationshipsEdwards Rothbard (2000) exempt the relationship between work and family roles through a variety of linking mechanismsWork-family remainder or interference refers to simultaneous pressures from the work and family domains that are mutually unharmonious in some respect such that meeting the demands of one role makes it difficult to meet the demands of the other role. Sometimes referred to as negative peter out over, work-family conflict can take different forms and can originate all in the work domain or the family domain. Work-family conflict and consequent outcomes can be buffered by various coping behaviours. Some researchers have looked into how Asian women cope with these stressors, and Halls (1972) typology of coping provides a useful way to categorize these coping behaviours. Lo, Stone, and Ng (2003) nominate that the most popular strategy for coping in their sample was personal role re-definition (i.e., changing ones own role expectation and not the expectations themselves, such as prioritizing time with children over grocery obtain Lo et al., 2003), followed by labile role behaviour (i.e., assuming a inflexibleness of role expectations such that the person has no choice but to find ways to meet them), and finally geomorphological role re-definition (i.e., changing the expectations enforce by an external source, such as flexible work computer programming or spousal negotiation of household roles).Other studies have found Asian women to employ similar coping strategies. For example, Lee, Um and Kim (2004) found that married Korean women often coped by working harder in reaction to their role conflicts (a reactive role behaviour), which was associated with higher rates of depression compared to those who coped through other strategies such as negotiation with their spouse and prioritizing household tasks. Asian professional women may also cope reactively by lowering their career ambitions, as evidence by an absence of women from the top levels. Ayree, Luk, Leung, and Lo (1999) framed coping behaviours in monetary value of emotion-focused coping (i.e. regulating distress created by the appraisal of stressors) and problem-focused coping (i.e. removing the negative impact of a stressor) and found that these efforts, in concert, positively influenced job and family satisfaction. some(prenominal) studies have also cited greater help from extended family or domestic workers in some Asian cultures, which can alleviate some of the burdens of work-family conflict. recruitment the social support of husbands in domestic roles also helps to redefine structural roles, thus reducing work-family stress. Some studies have sought to explore the extent to which workplaces are accommodating structural role re-definition.Unfortunately, in Asian societies, there is little dialogue between women and their employers with respect to work-family issues. This may be less true in societies with longer histories of egalitarian policies around gender and work. The following section will elaborate upon the implications for research and practic e that extend to what is shortly known about Asian womens experiences with work and family.Work family accommodation refers to the process by which individuals reduce their contact in one role to allow in the demands of the other role. Work-family accommodation can be used as a strategy in response to actual or anticipated work-family conflict such that individuals reduce their involvement in a role that is less important to them. The reduction in involvement can take each of two forms behavioral (i.e. curtailing the amount of time devoted to a role) or psychological (i.e. restricting the level of ego attachment to a particular role).Work-life compensation refers to efforts by individuals to offset dissatisfaction in one role by seeking satisfaction in another role. These efforts can take the form of decreasing involvement in a dis unanimous role and increasing involvement in a more satisfying role. Alternately, individuals may respond to dissatisfaction in one role by prosecute rewarding or fulfilling experiences in the other role. The latter form of compensation can be either supplemental or reactive in nature. Supplemental compensation occurs when individuals crack their pursuits for rewarding experiences from a dissatisfying role to a potentially more satisfying one, e.g., individuals with little autonomy at work seek more autonomy outside of their work role. On the other hand, reactive compensation represents individual efforts to release negative experiences in one role by pursuing contrasting experiences in the other role such as engaging in leisure activities after a fatiguing day at work.Work- family sectionalisation originally referred to the notion that work and family roles are independent of one another such that individuals can participate in one role without any influence on the other role. More recently, segmentation has been viewed as an international separation of work and family roles such that the thoughts, feelingsand behaviours of o ne role are actively suppressed from affecting the individuals performance in the other role.Work-family enrichment refers to the process by which one role strengthens or enriches the quality of the other role. Work-family enrichment also refers to work-family enhancement, work-family facilitation and positive spill over. All these terms describe the notion that a variety of resources from work and family roles have the capacity to provide experiences in the other role. Unlike conflict or interference, two mechanisms that ar

The Yellow Wallpaper -- essays research papers

"The chicken wallpaper", A Descent Into follyIn the nineteenth century, women in literature were often portrayed as submissive to men. Literature of the period often characterized women as oppressed by society, as well as by the male influences in their lives. "The Yellow Wallpaper" by Charlotte Perkins Gilman presents the tragic story of a womans descent into low and madness because of this oppression.The narrators declining mental health is reflected through the characteristics of the mansion she is trapped in and her husband, while trying to protect her, is actually destroying her. The narrator of the story goes with her remedy/husband to stay in a colonial mansion for the summer. The kinsperson is supposed to be a place where she can recover from collapse postpartum depression. According to Jennifer Fleissner, "naturalist characters like the narrator of Gilmans "The Yellow Wallpaper" is shown obsessed with the details of an entrapping interior ity. In such an example we see naturalisms clearest rewrite of previous understandings of gender its refiguration of domestic plazas, and hence, domestic identity according to the autobiography of repetitive work and compulsion that had once served to distinguish public vitality from a sentimentary understood home" Fleissner 59."The Yellow Wallpaper" is a fictionalized deem of Charlotte Perkins Gilmans own postpartum depression. Gilman was a social critic and feminist who wrote prolifically just about the necessity of social and agitateual equality, particularly about womens need for stinting independence. According to critic Valarie Gill, "Gilman attached the nineteenth centurys configuration of private space as womans domain and its attendant generalizations about femininity. Gilman seeks to blur the distinction amid private and public life. Gilman unflaggingly urged her audience to consider their logic in duty assignment women to the home. The composition of home life altered radically between the start out and final decades of the nineteenth century" (17).The narrator loves her baby, but knows she is not fitted to take care of him. "It is fortunate Mary is so good with the baby. such a deer baby And yet I cannot be with him, it makes me dying(p)" (Gilman 359). The symbolism utilized by Gilman is somewhat askew from the conventional. A house us... ...ver been written to show why so many woman go crazy, especially farmers wives, who live lonely, monotonous lives. A husband of the kind describe that he could not account for his wifes having gone insane &8211 for, utter he, "to my certain knowledge she has hardly left her kitchen and bedroom in 30 years" (60). connoisseur Sharon Felton says, "Even if we should remove every legal and governmental discrimination against women heretofore if we should accept their true dignity and power as a sex so long as their universal parentage is private housekeepi ng they remain, industrially, at the level of private domestic stain labor and economically a non productive, dependent class . The wonder is not that so many women break down, but so few" (273). Critic Sharon Felton "Even if we should remove every legal and political discrimination against women even if we should accept their true dignity and power as a sex so long as their universal business is private housework they remain, industrially, at the level of private domestic hand labor and economically a non productive, dependent class &8230.The wonder is not that so many women break down, but so few."(273)

Blessing in Disguise :: essays research papers

Adolescence is a period in life where genius makes mistakes and learns from them. However, most mistakes have consequences and repercussions. At the age of 17, my p bents dogged to move the entire family back to our homeland, Dominican commonwealth, after discovering that my sister and I had been borrowing their car while they slept and driving it without driver licenses. After the sign shock and resentment wore off, I realized that moving to Dominican Republic was the best thing that ever happened for three major reasons I grew circumferent to my one and only sister, my grades improved, and I became to a gr takeer extent independent. To begin, I grew closer to my one and only sister for a few reasons. For instance, we attended the same develop in Dominican Republic as opposed to when we were in Miami. Secondly, since we were two experiencing the same emotions, we were able to comfort each other. Third, having a mutual mark of moving back to Miami on our own made us more th an sisters, it made us partners in crime. To this day, our relationship keeps going strong and we are closer than ever. In addition, my grades improved. Before we left Miami, I had just further passed 11th grade, and was looking at a rough senior year. Since the cliquish steep school my parents enrolled me in had a different format than my honest-to-god school, my chances of graduating on time increased. Also, there was less distraction, and I was actually move my work in by its due date. Last, I became much more interested in college and my future. This was a huge change from the girl whose resist thought was a college education.Finally, I became more independent. I realized that in order to make it on my own, I needed to grow up. With the friend of my parents, I learned to cook and clean. One can only eat junk food for so long before you start wanting a real, homemade meal. Next, I got a job and started budgeting for my upcoming move. I also made living arrangements for bo th my sister and I in Miami, as well as, research what type of employment was available for high school graduates.

RSA encryption :: Mathematics Math

RSA encryptionAll over the world there are millions of people engage commendation card and on-line shopping. Every individual gets different amount for credit card and for transcription of on-line-shopping. Where did only this number come from? atomic number 18 the poesy in order? No, those numbers are made by RSA algorithm.RSA encryption is the foundation of public key cryptography tribute products. For example, credit card companies use the RSA algorithm for customers individual online WebPages. The credit card companies unloose a pornographic number on WebPages, which is made by deep prime numbers using the RSA algorithm. Since neither computers nor people can cistron such big numbers, the RSA encryption scheme has untouchabled many customers information.The RSA encryption is associate to the vigor of Julius Caesar (1300s) that shifts three garner to encode messages. The cipher of Julius Caesar was used in war to send messages securely. Here is how Caesar encodes his message using the cipher. First Caesar delegate A through Z to 0 through 25. For instance A is zero. Second, add three to each numbers.Then, Caesar changed number into Alphabet again. The problem of the cipher of Julius Caesar is that it can be easily decoded by anyone because shifting three letters is not that hard to decode. However, the RSA system is much safer than the Caesar system because the RSA system uses extensive numbers made by two big prime numbers using a special formula. RSA is named after three researchers( Ronald Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adelman) from MIT. They searched for implementation to bed PKC system and found the RSA system among 40 candidates of formulas.PKC is the enabling technology for all Internet security and the increasing use of digital signatures, which are surrogate traditional signatures in many contexts. However, RSA is better than PKC because RSA doesnt need digital signature. As a result, the RSA algorithm turned out to be a perfec t fit for the implementation of a practical public security system. In 1977, Martin Gardner first introduced the RSA system. After 5 years, company RSA used secure electronic security products. Nowadays many credit companies of all over the world use the RSA system or a similar system based on the RSA system.Why is the RSA system considered to be secure? As I mentioned before, neither computers nor people can figure really big numbers. Although the computer is suitable for calculating huge numbers, computers cant factor numbers made by the RSA algorithm.

African Creation Stories :: African Culture Creation Tales Essays

African Creation StoriesThere are slicey akin(predicate)ities among most African creation stories. Likewise certain differences are also noticeable. For example, I chose 4 creation stories to make the comparisons between them. The first one is An African Cosmogony. Here, Bumba is the creator. He created nine living creatures, after vomiting the sun and the moon, from which all told some other animals emerged. The second one, An African apologue of the Creation of Man, is a story among the Shilluks of the snow-clad Nile which basically explains the different complexions among the various races on Earth. They believed Juok molded all men of earth while he wandered the earth creating the rest of the world. White men were created from white sand which Juok found in the land of the white. blood-red or brown men were created out of the mud of the Nile in Egypt. caustic men were created from black earth found in the land of the Shilluck. correspond to this creation story, gentle man was given all necessary parts to function. all(prenominal) part had a reason for being. For example, Juok gave man arms in parliamentary procedure for man to work. The third one, God and the Five women states the myth of the origin of earth, fire, water system and woman, from the Thompson Indians of North Pacific Coast. This creation story states that Earth was created by of age(predicate) One or Chief. He came down from the upper world in a cloud and created five Perfectly formed young women. To distributively of them he asked what they wished to be. The first one wished to be bad. The second one wanted to be good. The third one wanted to occasion Earth. The tail one wanted to become Fire. And the fifth one became water. Finally, the fourth story, Creation by Thought states that man was created out of a cerebration process by which he first created the Earth and then created man in resemblance of himself. The Earthcreator designed man out of remains. He gave man mind an d judgement, tongue, soul, and the ability to talk. All of these features came about out of a thought process. In all these stories there is a chief creator. One god, or creator, is in charge of populating the Earth and making men. Two of these stories have similar concepts in relation to the creation of men. Men being created out of clay is similar in the Creation by Thought story and An African Story of the Creation of Man.

The Importance of Helping Friends in Leo Lionnis, Frederick and Swimmy :: Frederick Swimmy Essays

The Importance of Helping Friends in Leo Lionnis, Frederick and SwimmyIn many of Leo Lionnis childrens books, one of his characters is always helping a sonny boy friend out. For example, in Frederick and Swimmy, there are characters that help others to choke. These characters possess forgiving attributes and carry across important messages to the reader. Frederick shows that just because he is non work with the other mice does not mean that he is not helping out. He is just doing it in another way. While the others are working to cooperate food for the winter, Frederick just sits there and takes in other things such as the sunrays for the cold twilight(prenominal) winter days, and colors for the winter is antiquated, and fin tot each(prenominal)yy words for the winter days are long and many, and well waiver out of things to say(3). The other mice may not believe what Frederick is saying, even in the end when they are cold and the sky is gray, and they are at a loss for words, they turn to Frederick who in turn shares with them everything that he had been saving up. By Leo Lionni writing this, he was able to show that wad can help out others in many ways. Although Frederick was not doing the corresponding things as the other mice, in the end he helped his friends to survive the long, cold, dark winter. What Frederick achieves by gathering his supplies, Swimmy achieves by cosmos smart. In Leo Lionnis book, Swimmy, the fantastic fish is the one who in the end helps the other fish from being eaten by the big tuna fish who is swift, fierce, and very hungry (75). Swimmy does not want to have to constantly worry about being eaten by the big fish, so he comes up with an idea to help only of the other little fish survive the large fish. He has them all join together to become one big fish and he is the eye. By Swimmy coming up with this idea, he is able to protect all of his friends. Without his help who knows what would have come of all the other little fish.Although not all of Leo Lionnis books portray how friends can help other friends survive in different ways, Frederick and Swimmy are great examples of this.

Arab - Israeli Wars :: essays research papers

Sincethe United Nations partition of PALESTINE in 1947 andthe establishment of the modern state of ISRAEL in 1948,there have been four major Arab-Israeli wars (1947-49,1956, 1967, and 1973) and legion(predicate) intermittent battles.Although Egypt and Israel signed a peace treaty in 1979, opposition betwixt Israel and the rest of its Arab neighbors,complicated by the demands of Palestinian Arabs, continuedinto the 1980s. THE starting time PALESTINE WAR (1947-49)The first war began as a courteous conflict between PalestinianJews and Arabs following the United Nationsrecommendation of Nov. 29, 1947, to partition Palestine,then still under British mandate, into an Arab state and a Judaic state. Fighting quickly spread as Arab guerrillasattacked Jewish settlements and communication cerebrate toprevent implementation of the UN plan. Jewish forcesprevented seizure of most settlements, but Arab guerrillas,support by the Transjordanian Arab Legion under thecommand of British officer s, besieged Jerusalem. By April,Haganah, the principal Jewish military group, seized theoffensive, scoring victories against the Arab Liberation Armyin northern Palestine, Jaffa, and Jerusalem. British militaryforces withdrew to Haifa although officially neutral, somecommanders assisted bingle side or the other. After the Britishhad departed and the state of Israel had been realised onMay 15, 1948, under the premiership of DavidBEN-GURION, the Palestine Arab forces and foreignvolunteers were joined by regular armies of Transjordan(now the kingdom of JORDAN), IRAQ, LEBANON, andSYRIA, with token support from SAUDI ARABIA. Effortsby the UN to stymie the fighting were unsuccessful until June11, when a 4-week truce was declared. When the Arabstates refused to renew the truce, ten more(prenominal) days of fightingerupted. In that time Israel greatly extended the world underits control and broke the siege of Jerusalem. Fighting on asmaller scale continued during the second UN trucebeg inning in mid-July, and Israel acquired more ground,especially in Galilee and the Negev. By January 1949, whenthe last battles ended, Israel had extended its frontiers byabout 5,000 sq km (1,930 sq mi) beyond the 15,500 sq km(4,983 sq mi) allocated to the Jewish state in the UNpartition resolution. It had also secured its independence.During 1949, armistice agreements were signed under UNauspices between Israel and Egypt, Jordan, Syria, andLebanon. The armistice frontiers were unofficial boundariesuntil 1967. SUEZ-SINAI WAR (1956) Border conflictsbetween Israel and the Arabs continued despite provisions inthe 1949 armistice agreements for peace negotiations.Hundreds of thousands of Palestinian Arabs who had leftIsraeli-held territory during the first war concentrated inrefugee camps along Israels frontiers and became a majorsource of friction when they infiltrated back to their homes or