Gmat Cr

GMAT diminutive Rea intelligenceing Practice Set 1 2 Aristotle Prep Also Check Out Aristotle blame Correction Grail Aristotle RC Practice Sets 1 & 2 -Ultimate peerless minute Expla kingdoms to OG12SC -Aristotle New SC gesture bank Avail subject for FREE Download on our website 1) Aristotle CR Question Bank 2) US B-Schools be 2012 3) Quant Concepts & Formulae 4) Global B-School Deadlines 2012 5) OG 11 & 12 Unique Questions list 6) GMAT Scoring Scale Conversion Matrix 7) trans communityal (non-US) B-Schools Ranking www. aristotleprep. com 3 IntroductionA lot of GMAT instructors recomm closure that to improve their score on the Critical Reasoning deducting of the GMAT, savants should practice from LSAT Logical Reasoning questions. While all everyplaceall this strategy is fine, iodin fuss students face is that a lot of the questions on the LSAT ar non representative of those on the GMAT almost r severally dubious answers spell near be of a question type that is n ot try outed on the GMAT at all. To friend students over induce this problem we, at Aristotle, draw come out with compilation of 101 LSAT questions that ar precise similar to those that students be apt(predicate) to see on the GMAT.All these questions bemuse been compiled from past gose withdrawicial LSAT screens ( hears which ar pronto available in the public domain) and we prepargonn? t made all changes to these. An answer key has been provided at the end of this booklet except expla kingdoms for all(prenominal) answer swallow not been provided. In case you inadequacy detailed explanation to a question(s) please post the question(s) on Forums? section on our website www. aristotleprep. com and nonp atomic number 18il of experts volition revert at heart 24 hours of the identical. Good luck CR Practice Set 1 www. aristotleprep. com the the the our 4 1.Ann All the campers at Camp Winnehatchee go to Tri -Cities High School Bill That? s not received. every (prenominal) Tri-Cities students be campers at Camp Lakemont. Bill? s answer lot be better(p) explained on the self-reliance that he has interpreted Ann? s remark to mean that (A) most of the campers at Camp Lakemont come from high schools another(prenominal)wise than T riCities (B) most Tri-Cities High School students ar campers at Camp Winnehatchee (C) both(prenominal) Tri-Cities High School students have recede from Camp Lakemont (D) all Tri-Cities High School students have with wasted from Camp Lakemont (E) l mavin and alone(a)(prenominal) campers at Camp Winnehatchee are students at Tri -Cities High School . More than a grade ago, the metropolis announced that fairness of nature would crack down on illicitly parked cars and that resources would be diverted from writing speeding tickets to ticketing illegally parked cars. But no crackdown has taken place. The police head teacher claims that resources have had to be diverted from writing speeding tickets to com bating the city? s staggering drug problem. neverthe slight(prenominal) the police are still writing as m some(prenominal) speeding tickets as ever. Therefore, the exc white plague some resources being tied up in fighting drug-related crime simply is not true.The outcome in the passage depends on the assumption that (A) every share of the police force is qualified to snuff it on combating the city? s drug problem (B) drug-related crime is not as serious a problem for the city as the police chief claims it is (C) writing speeding tickets should be as important a priority for the city as combating drug-related crime (D) the police could be cracking down on illegally parked cars and combating the drug problem without having to reduce writing speeding tickets (E) the police nookienot continue writing as umteen speeding tickets as ever while diverting resources to combating drug-related crime . Dried grass clippings mixed into tend soil gradually decompose, providing nutrients f or beneficial soil bacterium. This results in snap off -than- median(a) plant growth. Yet concoction fresh grass clippings into garden soil usually causes poorer than-average plant growth. Which hotshot of the pursuance, if true, most helps to explain the remnant in plant growth described above? (A) The bout of beneficial soil bacteria increases w henever any kind of plant material is mixed into garden soil. (B) Nutrients released by dried grass clippings are instantaneously available to beneficial soil bacteria. ww. aristotleprep. com 5 (C) roughly dried grass clippings retain nutrients originally derived from mercenaryised lawn fertilizers, and thus provide additional en generativement to the soil. (D) Fresh grass clippings mixed into soil decompose rapidly, generating high takes of hot pants that kill beneficial soil bacteria. (E) When a mix of fresh and dried grass clippings is mixed into garden soil, plant growth practically decreases. 4. A gas revenue enhancemen t of unmatched cent per gal would put forward whizz billion dollars per year at current consumption rates.Since a valuate of fifty cents per gallon would in that locationfore raise fifty billion dollars per year, it seems a perfect demeanor to deal with the federal figure deficit. This tax would have the addi tional advantage that the resulting drop in the demand for gasoline would be ecologically ponderous and would keep our country from being too dependent on foreign oil fetchrs. Which one of the undermentioned most exculpately identifies an misconduct in the rootage? s business lineation? (A) The antecedent cites irrelevant data. (B) The author relies on incorrect current consumption figures. C) The author makes incompatible assumptions. (D) The author mistakes an effect for a cause. (E) The author appeals to conscience rather than reason. 5. There is no reason wherefore the work of scientists has to be officially certification before being make. There is a s ystem in place for the confirmation or disconfirmation of scientific finding, chargely, the replication of results by other scientists. Poor scientific work on the part of any one scientist, which can include anything from careless reporting practices to fraud, is not harmful. It go out be exposed and rendered harmless hen other scientists conduct the experiments and obtain disconfirmatory results. Which one of the side by side(p), if true, would weaken the ancestry? (A) Scientific experiments can go undisputed for many years before they are replicated. (B) Most scientists work in universities, where their work is submitted to peer look into before publication. (C) Most scientists are under pressure to make their work accessible to the scrutiny of replication. (D) In scientific experiments, careless reporting is much than common than fraud. (E) Most scientists work as part of a team rather than alone. 6.Alice Quotas on locomote imports to the coupled States should be elimin ated. Then domestic nonplusrs would have to contend directly with Japanese manu occurrenceurers and would be forced to produce higher-quality cars. Such competition would be rock-steady for consumers. www. aristotleprep. com 6 David You fail to realize, Alice, that quotas on automobile imports are pervasive populacewide. Since German, Britain, and France have quotas, so should the United States. Which one of the undermentioned most accurately characterizes David? s response to Alice? s statement? (A) David sullenly accuses Alice of contradicting herself. B) David unfairly directs his argument against Alice soulfulnessally. (C) David uncovers a hidden assumption underlying Alice? s position. (D) David takes a position that is similar to the one Alice has taken. (E) David fails to address the reasons Alice cites in favour of her coating. 7. Governments have only one response to public censure of soci ally necessary run regulation of the activity of providing those services. But policy-making sciences inevitably make the activity to a great extent than expensive by regulating it, and that is particularly troublesome in these time of strained pecuniary resources.However, sin ce public criticism of pip-squeak-care services has undermined all confidence in such services, and since such services are socially necessary, the governing is legitimate to respond. Which one of the hobby statements can be inferred from the passage? (A) The quality of child care leave behind improve. (B) The price of providing child-care services will increase. (C) The government will use funding to foster advances in child care. (D) If public criticism of policy is strongly voiced, the government is certain to respond. (E) If child-care services are not regulated, the cost of providing child care will not increase. . Advertisers are often criticized for their unscrupulous manipulation of sight? s tastes and wants. There is prove, however, that some advertisers are mo tivated by moral as healthful as financial considerations. A particular publication decided to change its image from being a family hots create verbally report to concentrating on sex and violence, thus appealing to a diametric readership. whatever advertisers withdrew their advertisements from the publication, and this moldiness(prenominal) have been because they morally disapproved of print salacious material. Which one of the fol batch downs, if true, would most streng accordingly(prenominal) the argument? A) The advertisers switched their advertisements to other family newspapers. (B) Some advertisers switched from family newspapers to advertise in the changed publication. (C) The advertisers pass judgment their product sales to increase if they stayed with the changed publication, barely to decrease if they withdrew. (D) People who generally read family newspapers are not likely to buy newspapers that concentrate on sex and violence. (E) It was evaluate that the c hanged publication would appeal principally to those in a different income group. www. aristotleprep. com 7 9.If sell stores experience a decrease in r crimsonues during this vacation season, then either attitudes toward extravagant gift-giving have changed or prices have risen beyond the level most tidy sum can afford. If attitudes have changed, then we all have something to celebrate this season. If prices have risen beyond the level most tidy sum can afford, then it must be that salaries have not kept pacing with wage increase prices during the past year. Assuming the premises above to be true, if salaries have kept pace with rising prices during the past year, which one of the followers must be true? (A) Attitudes toward extravagant gift-giving have changed. B) Retail stores will not experience a decrease in retail sales during this spend season. (C) Prices in retail stores have not risen beyond the level that most people can afford during this holiday season. (D) Attitud es toward extravagant gift-giving have not changed, and stores will not experience a decrease in revenues during this holiday season. (E) Either attitudes toward extravagant gift-giving have changed or prices have risen beyond the level that most people can afford during this holiday season. 10. The suicide wave that followed the United States stock market crash of October 1929 is more(prenominal) than legend than fact.Careful examination of the monthly figures on the causes of death in 1929 arrangements that the number of suicides in October and in November was comparatively low. In only three other months were the monthly figures lower. During the summer months, when the stock market was flourishing, the number of suicides was comfortably higher. Which one of the spare-time activity, if true, would best repugn the conclusion of the passage? (A) The suicide rate is influenced by many psychological, interpersonal, and societal factors during any given historical period. B) Oct ober and November have almost always had relatively high suicide rates, even during the 1920s and 1930s. (C) The suicide rate in October and November of 1929 was considerably higher than the average for those months during several preceding and following years. (D) During the years surrounding the stock market crash, suicide rates were typically lower at the source of any calendar year than toward the end of that year. (E) Because of seasonal dissimilaritys, the number of suicides in October and November of 1929 would not be expected to be the same as those for other months. 11.Learning how to build a nest swindles an important part in the breeding supremacy of birds. For example, Dr. Snow has recorded the success of a number of blackbirds in several back-to-back years. He finds that birds nesting for the starting time are less successful in breeding than are vulcanized birds, and also less successful than they themselves are a year later. This cannot be a mere look of siz e and strength, since blackbirds, like the great major(ip)ity of birds, are fully grown when they leave www. aristotleprep. com 8 the nest. Thus, it is surd to avoid the conclusion that they reach by their nesting experience.Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument? (A) Blackbirds build better nests than other birds. (B) The capacity of blackbirds to lay viable eggs increases with each successive trial during the first some years of reproduction. (C) The breeding success of birds nesting for the second time is great than that of birds nesting for the first time. (D) Smaller and weaker blackbirds breed sightly as successfully as bigger and stronger blackbirds. (E) Up to 25 portion of all birds are killed by predators before they start to nest. 12.How do the airlines expect to bar commercial plane crashes? Studies have shown that pilot error contributes to both-thirds of all such crashes. To address this problem, the airlines have upgraded their tra ining programs by increasing the hours of sectionalisationroom instruction and accentuate communication skills in the cockpit. But it is unrealistic to expect such measures to compensate for pilots? lack of actual dissolute time. Therefore, the airlines should rethink their training approach to reducing commercial crashes. Which one of the following is an assumption upon which the argument depends? A) homework programs can eliminate pilot errors. (B) Commercial pilots routinely undergo additional training throughout their careers. (C) The number of airline crashes will decrease if pilot training programs focus on increasing actual passing time. (D) Lack of actual flying time is an important contributor to pilot error in commercial plane crashes. (E) Communication skills are not important to pilot training programs. Questions 13-14 are based on the following Despite improvements in treatment for asthma, the death rate from this disease has doubled during the past decennary from its previous rate.Two possible explanations for this increase have been offered. First, the recording of deaths collectable to asthma has run short more general and accurate in the past decade than it had been previously. Second, there has been an increase in urban contamination. However, since the rate of deaths due to asthma has increased dramatically even in cities with long-standing, comprehensive medical records and with little or no urban pollution, one must instead conclude that the cause of increased deaths is the use of bronchial inhalers by asthma sufferers to relieve their symptoms. 13.Each of the following, if true, provides support to the argument EXCEPT (A) Urban communitys have doubled in the past decade. (B) Records of asthma deaths are as accurate for the past twenty years as for the past ten years. (C) Evidence suggests that bronchial inhalers make the lungs more sensitive to irritation by airborne pollen. www. aristotleprep. com 9 (D) By temporarily relievin g the symptoms of asthma, inhalers encourage sufferers to avoid more beneficial measures. (E) Ten years ago bronchial inhalers were not available as an asthma treatment. 14. Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? A) Urban pollution has not doubled in the past decade. (B) Doctors and patients generally ignore the role of allergies in asthma. (C) Bronchial inhalers are un risk-free, even when apply according to the recommended instructions. (D) The use of bronchial inhalers aggravates other diseases that often travel by among asthma sufferers and that often lead to plump downten upal outcomes even when the asthma itself does not. (E) Increased urban pollution, improved recording of asthma deaths, and the use of bronchial inhalers are the only possible explanations of the increased death rate due to asthma. 15.There is little intimate in looking to artists for insights into political issues. Most of them hold political views that are less insig htful than those of any slightly tumefy educated person who is not an artist. Indeed, when taken as a whole, the statements made by artists, including those considered great, indicate that artistic talent and political insight are rarely base together. Which one of the following can be inferred from the passage? (A) There are no artists who have insights into political issues. (B) A radical education in art makers a person reasonably well educated. C) Every reasonably well-read person who is not an artist has more insight into political issues than any artist. (D) Politicians rarely have any artistic talent. (E) Some artists are no less politically insightful than some reasonably well educated persons who are not artists. 16. Rita The original purpose of government farm subsidy programs was to provide income constancy for smooth family farmers. But most farm -subsidy money goes to a few farmers with large holdings. Payments to farmers whose income, before subsidies, is greate r than $100,000 a year should be stopped.Thomas It would be impossible to administer such a cut -off point. Subsidies are needed during the planting and growing season, but farmers do not know their income for given calendar year until tax returns are calculated and submitted the following April. Which one of the following, if true, is the strongest counter Rita can make to Thomas objection? (A) It has become difficult for small farmers to obtain bank loans to be repaid later by money from subsidies. (B) Having such a cut-off point would cause some farmers whose income would otherwise exceed $100,000 to reduce their plantings. www. ristotleprep. com 10 (C) The income of a farmer varies because live and market prices are not stable from year to year. (D) If subsidy payments to large farmers were eliminated the financial condition of the government would improve. (E) Subsidy cut-offs can be determined on the basis of income for the preceding year. 17. Modern physicians often employee laboratory tests, in addition to physical examinations, in order to diagnose diseases accurately. Insurance company regulations that deny restitution coverage for certain laboratory tests therefore decrease the quality of medical care provided to patients.Which one of the following is an assumption that would serve to fairishify the conclusion above? (A) Physical examinations and the uncovered laboratory tests together provide a more accurate diagnosis of many diseases than do physical examinations alone. (B) Many physicians generally maintain insurance company regulations that, in order to reduce costs, settle the use of laboratory tests. (C) Many patients who tycoon benefit from the uncovered laboratory tests do not have any lay down of health insurance. D) There are some illnesses that experienced physicians can diagnose accurately from physicians examination alone. (E) Laboratory tests are more high-priced to perform than are physical examinations. 18. Oil analysts pre dict that if the price of oil falls by half, the consumers bribe price for gasoline made from this oil will also fall by half. Which one of the following, if true, would overlook the most serious doubt on the prediction made by the oil analysts? (A) Improved automobile technology and new kinds of displace for cars have enabled some drivers to use less gasoline. B) Gasoline manufacturers will not reach out their profit margins. (C) There are many different gasoline companies that compete with each othe r to provide the most attractive price to consumers. (D) Studies in several countries show that the amount of gasoline purchased by consumers initially rises after the price of gasoline has fallen. (E) Refining costs, distribution costs, and taxes, none of which varies significantly with oil prices, effect a large portion of the prices of gasoline. 19. A survey was recently conducted among ferry passengers on the North Sea.Among the results was this more of those who had taken ant i -seasickness medical specialty before their trip reported symptoms of seasickness than those who had not taken such medication. It is clear then, that despite claims by drug companies that clinical tests show the contrary, people would be better off not taking anti -seasickness medications. Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken the conclusion above? www. aristotleprep. com 11 (A) disposed rough comme il faut weather, most ferry passengers will have some symptoms of seasickness. (B) The clinical tests reported by the drug companies were conducte d by the drug companies staffs. C) People who do not take anti -seasickness medication are just as likely to respond to a survey on seasickness as people who do. (D) The seasickness symptoms of the people who took anti -seasickness medication would have been more severe had they not taken the medication. (E) People who have spent money on anti -seasickness medication are less likely to admit symptoms of seasickness than those who have not. 20. Economic considerations colour every aspect of internationalist dealings, and nations are just like individuals in that the lender sets the basis of its dealings with the borrower.That is why a nation that owes money to anoth er nation cannot be world leader. The reasoning in the passage assumes which one of the following? (A) A nation that does not lend to any other nation cannot be a world leader. (B) A nation that can set the terms of its dealings with other nations is certain to be a world leader. (C) A nation that has the terms of its dealings with another action set by that nation cannot be a world leader. (D) A nation that is a world leader can borrow from another nation as long as that other nation does not set the terms of the dealings between the cardinal nations. E) A nation that has no dealings with any other nation cannot be world leader. 21. Political theorist The chief foundations of all governments are the legal system and the police force and as there cannot be a full(a) legal system where the police are not well paid, it follows that where the police are well paid there will be good legal system. The reasoning in the argument is not sound because it fails to establish that (A) many governments with bad legal systems have ailing paid police forces. B) bad governments with good legal systems must have poorly paid police forces. (C) a well-paid police force cannot be telling without a good legal system. (D) a well-paid police force is sufficient to guarantee a good legal system (E) some bad governments have good legal systems. 22. Court records from medieval France show that in the years 1300 to 1400 the number of people arrested in the French realm for violent interpersonal crimes (not committed in wars) increased by 30 percent over the number of people arrested for such crimes in the years 1200 to 1300.The increase was not the result of false arrests therefore, medieval France had a higher level of documented inte rpersonal violence in the years 1300 to 1400 than in the years 1200 to 1300. Which one of the following statements, if true, most in earnest weakens the argument? www. aristotleprep. com 12 (A) In the years 1300 to 1400 the French governments category of violent crimes included an increasing variety of interpersonal crimes that are actually nonviolent. (B) Historical accounts by monastic chroniclers in the years 1300 to 1400 are fill ed with descriptions of violent attacks committed by people living in the French realm C) The number of individual agreements between two people in which they swore oaths not to attack each other increased substantially after 1300. (D) When English armies tried to worst parts of France in the mid to late 1300s. violence in the northern state of matter of Normandy and the south -western province of Gascony increased. (E) The population of medical France increased substantially during the first five decades of the 1300s until the deadly bubonic plagu e decimated the population of France after 1348. 23.genus Rhizobium bacteria living in the roots of bean plants or other le gumes produce fixed nitrogen which is one of the essential plant nutrients and which for non -legume crops, such as stalk normally must be supplied by applications of nitrogen -based fertilizer. So if biotechnology succeeds in producing wheat strains whose r oots will play host to Rhizobium bacteria, the need for artificial fertilizers will be reduced. The argument above makes which one of the following assumptions? (A) Biotechnology should be directed toward producing plants that do not desire artificial fertilizer. B) Fixed nitrogen is right away the only soil nutrient that must be supplied by artificial fertilizer for growing wheat crops. (C) There are no naturally occurring strains of wheat or other grasses that have Rhizobium bacteria living in their roots. (D) Legumes are currently the only crops that produce their own supply of fixed nitrogen. (E) Rh izobium bacteria living in the roots of wheat would produce fixed nitrogen. 24. Current legislation that requires designated sections for smokers and non-smokers on the premises of privately owned businesses is an intrusion into the private sector that cannot be justified.The fact that studies indicate that non-smokers mightiness be harmed by inhaling the smoke from others cig arettes is not the main issue. Rather, the main issue concerns the governments violation of the right of private businesses to determine their own policies and rule. Which one of the following is principle that, if accepted, could enable the conclusion to be properly drawn? (A) Government intrusion into the policies and rules of private businesses is justified only when individuals might be harmed. (B) The right of individuals to breathe safe air supersedes the right of businesses to be free from government intrusion. C) The right of businesses to self-determination overrides whatever right or duty the gover nment may have to protect the individual. (D) It is the duty of private businesses to protect employees from harm in the workplace. (E) Where the rights of businesses and the duty of government conflict, the main issue is finding a successful compromise. www. aristotleprep. com 13 25. Leachate is a solution, frequently exceedingly contaminated, that develops when pissing permeates a lowerfill site. If and only if the landfills capacity to hold liquids is exceeded does the leachate escape into the environment, genera lly in unpredictable quantities.A rule must be found for disposing of leachate. Most landfill leachate is send directly to sewage treatment plants, but not all sewage plants are capable of handling the highly contaminated water. Which one of the following can be inferred from the passage? (A) The ability to predict the volume of escaping landfill leachate would help solve the disposal problem. (B) If any water permeates a landfill, leachate will escape into the envir onment. (C) No sewage treatment plants are capable of handling leachate. (D) Some landfill leachate is send to sewage treatment plants that re incapable of handling it. (E) If leachate does not escape from a landfill into the environment, then the landfills capacity to hold liquids has not been exceeded. 26. The soaring prices of scholarly and scientific daybooks have forced donnish libraries employ only by academic investigateers to drastically reduce their list of subscriptions. Some have suggested that in each academic discipline subscription decisions should be determined solely by a journals usefulness in that discipline, thrifty by the frequency with which it is cited in published writings by inquiryers in the discipline.Which one of the following, if true, most severely calls into question the sugge stion described above? (A) The non-academic readership of a scholarly or scientific journal can be accurately gauged by the number of times articles appearing in it are cit ed in daily newspapers and general magazines. (B) The average length of a journal article in some sciences, such as physics, is less than half the average length of a journal article in some other academic disciplines, such as hi storey. (C) The increasingly expensive scholarly journals are less and less likely to be available to the general public from non-academic public libraries. D) Researchers often will not cite a journal article that has influenced their work if they think that the journal in which it appears is not highly regarded by the leading researchers in the mainstream of the discipline (E) In some academic disciplines, controversies which begin in the pages of one journal spill over into articles in other journals that are widely read by researchers in the discipline. 27. The average level of fat in the blood of peo ple suffering from penetrating cases of disease W is lower than the average level for the population as a whole.Nevertheless, most doctors study that r educing blood-fat levels is an effective way of preventing acute W. www. aristotleprep. com 14 Which one of the following, if true, does most to justify this apparently paradoxical belief? (A) The blood level of fat for patients who have been cured of W is on average the same as that for the population at large. (B) Several of the symptoms characteristic of acute W have been produced in laboratory animals fed large doses of a synthetic fat substitute, though acute W itself has not been produced in this way. C) The progression from latent to acute W can occur only when the agent that causes acute W absorbs large quantities of fat from the patients blood. (D) The levels of fat in the blood of patients who have disease W respond abnormally slowly to changes in dietary intake of fat. (E) High levels of fat in the blood are indicative of several diseases that are just as serious as W. 28. Baking for winter holi days is tradition that may have a sound medical basis. In midwinter, when day s are short, many people suffer from a specific type of seasonal depression ca employ by lack of sunlight.Carbohydrates, both sugars and starches, boost the souls levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that improve the mood. In this respect, carbon hydrates act on the brain in the same way as some antidepressants. Thus, eating holiday cookies may provide an effective form of self prescribed medication. Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the passage? (A) seasonal depression is one of the most easily treated forms of depression. (B) Lack of sunlight lowers the level of serotonin in the brain. (C) People are more likely to be depressed in midwinter than at other times of the year. D) Some antidepressants act by changing the brains level of serotonin. (E) Raising the level of neurotransmitters in the brain efficaciously relieves depression. 29. The current proposal to give college students a broader choice in planning their own courses of study should be abando ned. The students who are supporting the proposal will never be satisfied, no matter what demands are established. Some of these students have reached their third year without declaring a major. One first-year student has failed to complete four infallible courses. Several others have indicated a serious indifference to grades and intellectual achievement.A flaw in the argument is that it does which one of the following? (A) avoids the issue by focusing on supporters of the proposal (B) argues circularly by assuming the conclusion is true in stating the premises. (C) fails to define the critical term satisfied (D) distorts the proposal advocated by opponents (E) users the term student equivocally 30. The question whether dexterous life exists elsewhere in the universe is certainly inaccurate because we are not sure how different from us something might be and still count as intelligent life. Yet we cannot just decide to define intelligent life in www. ristotleprep. com 15 some mo re precise way since it is likely that we will find and recognize intelligent life elsewhere in the universe only if we leave our definitions open to new, unimagined possibilities. The argument can most reasonably be interpreted as an objection to which one of the following claims? (A) The question whether intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe is one that will never be correctly answered. (B) Whether or not there is intelligent life elsewhere in the universe, our understanding of intelligent life is limited. (C) The question closely the macrocosm of intelligent life elsewhere in the niverse must be made more precise if we forecast to answer it correctly. (D) The question whether there is intelligent life elsewhere in the universe is so imprecise as to be meaningless. (E) The question whether there is intelligent life elsewhere in the universe is one we should not spend our time trying to answer. 31. Pedro Unlike stuff diapers, disposable diapers are a bane to the en vironment. Sixteen billion disposable diapers are discarded annually, filling up landfills at an alarming rate. So people must stop buying disposable diapers and use cloth diapers.Maria But you forget that cloth diapers must be washed in hot water, which requires energy. Moreover, the resulting wastewater pollutes our rivers. When families use diaper services, diapers must be delivered by fuel -burning trucks that pollute the air and add to traffic congestion. Maria objects to Pedros argument by (A) claiming that Pedro overstates the contradict try well-nigh disposable diapers in the course of his argument in favour of cloth diapers. (B) indicating that Pedro draws a hasty conclusion, based on inadequate evidence about cloth diapers. C) pointing out that there is an doubtful use of the word disposable in Pedros argument (D) demonstrating that cloth diapers are a far more serious threat to the environment than disposable diapers are (E) suggesting that the economic advantages of c loth diapers outweigh whatever environmental damage they may cause 32. In an experiment, two-year-old boys and their fathers made pie dough together using rolling pins and other utensils. Each father-son pair utilise a rolling pin that was distinctively different from those used by the other, father -son pairs, and each father repeated the phrase rolling pin each time his son used it.But when the children were asked to identify all of the rolling pins among a group of kitchen utensils that included several rolling pins, each child picked only the one that he had used. Which one of the following inferences is most supported by the entropy above? (A) The children did not grasp the function of rolling pin. www. aristotleprep. com 16 (B) No two children understood the name rolling pin to apply to the same object (C) The children understood that all rolling pins have the same general shape. (D) Each child was able to identify correctly only the utensils that he had used. E) The childre n were not able to distinguish the rolling pins they used from other rolling pins. 33. When 100 people who have not used cocaine are tested for cocaine use, on average only 5 will test positive. By contrast, of every 100 people who have used cocaine 99 will test positive. Thus, when a randomly chosen group of peopl e is tested for cocaine use, the vast majority of those who test positive will be people who have used cocaine. A reasoning error in the argument is that the argument (A) attempts to infer a value judgment from purely factual premises. B) attributes to every member of the population the properties of the average member of the population. (C) fails to take into account what proportion of the population have used cocaine. (D) ignores the fact that some cocaine users do not test positive. (E) advocates testing people for cocaine use when there is no reason to suspect that they have used cocaine. 34. With the passage of the new tax reform law the annual tax burden on low -inc ome taxpayers will be reduced, on average, by anyplace from $100 to $300. Clearly, tax reform is in the interest of low-income taxpayers.Which one of the following, if true, most undermines the conclusion above? (A) evaluate reform, by simplifying the tax code will save many people the expense of having an accountant do their taxes. (B) Tax reform, by eliminating tax incentives to build rental housing, will push up rents an average of about $40 per month for low-income taxpayers. (C) Low-income taxpayers have consistently voted for those political candidates who are strong advocates of tax reform. (D) The new tax reform laws will permit low and middle-income taxpayers to deduct Child-care expenses from their taxes. E) Under the new tax reform laws, many low-income taxpayers who now pay taxes will no Longer be required to do so. 35. If we are to expand the exploration of our solar system our next manned flight should be to Phobos, one of Mars? s moons, rather than to Mars itself. Th e fli ght times to each are the same but the Phobos expedition would require less than half the fuel load of a Mars expedition and would, therefore, be much less costly. So, it is clear that Phobos should be our next step in space exploration. Which one of the following, if true, would most help to explain the difference in fuel requirement? A) More equipment would be required to explore Phobos than to explore Mars. (B) Smaller spaceships require less fuel than large spaceships. www. aristotleprep. com 17 (C) Information learned during the trip to Phobos can be used during a subsequent trip to Mars. (D) The shortest distance between Phobos and Mars is less than half the shortest distance surrounded by Earth and Mars. (E) Lift-off for the return trip from Phobos requires much less fuel than that from Mars because of Phobos weaker gravitational pull. 36.Scientific research that involves international coaction has produ ced papers of greater influence, as measured by the number of t imes a paper is cited in subsequent papers, than has research without any collaboration. Papers that result from international collaboration are cited an average of seven times, whereas papers with single authors are cited only three times on average. This difference shows that research projects conducted by international research teams are of greater grandeur than those conducted by single researchers. Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? A) Prolific writers can inflate the number of citations they receive by citing themselves in subsequent papers. (B) It is possible to ascertain whether or not a paper is the product of international collaboration by determining the number of citations it has received (C) The number of citations a paper receives is a measure of the importance of the research it reports. (D) The collaborative efforts of scientists who are citizens of the same country do not produce papers that are as important as papers that ar e prod uced by international collaboration. E) International research teams tend to be more generously funded than are single researchers. 37. It is more desirable to have some form of socialised medicine than a system of medical care relying on the private sector. socialize medicine is more broadly accessible than is private-sector system. In addition, since countries with socialized medicine have a lower infant mortality rate than do countries with a system relying entirely on the private sector, socialized medicine seems to be technologically superior.Which one of the following best indicates a flaw in the argument about the technological superiority of socialized medicine? (A) The lower infant mortality rate might be due to the systems allowing greater access to Medical care (B) There is no necessary club between the economic system of socialism and Technological achievement. (C) Infant mortality is a reliable index number of the quality of medical care for children. (D) No l ist is presented of the countries whose infant mortality statistics are summarized under the two categories, socialized and private-sector. E) The argument presupposes the desirability of socialized medicine, which is what the Argument seeks to-establish. www. aristotleprep. com 18 38. Lourdes Dietary fictitious character is an important part of a healthful diet. Experts recommend that adults consume 20 to 35 grams of fibre a day. Kyra But a daily intake of fibre that is significantly above that recommended level interferes with mineral absorption, especially the absorption of calcium. The public should be told to cut act on fibre intake Which one of the following, if true, most undermines Kyra? s tribute? A) Among adults, the average consumption of dietary fibre is at present approximately 10 grams a day. (B) The more a food is processed, the more the fibre is broken down and the lower the fibre content. (C) Many foodstuffs that are excellent sources of fibre are economical and r eadily available (D) Adequate calcium intake helps prevent the decrease in bone mass known as osteoporosis. (E) Many foodstuffs that are excellent sources of fibre are popular with consumers. 39. Book Review When I read a saucy set in a city I know well, I must see that the writer knows the city as well as I do if I am to take that writer seriously.If the writer is faking I know immediately and do not trust the writer. When a novelist demonstrates the required knowledge, I trust the story teller, so I trust the tale. This trust increases my enjoyment of a good novel. Peter Lees second novel is set in San Francisco, in this novel, as in his first, Lee passes my test with flying colours. Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the passage? (A) The book reviewer enjoys virtually any novel written by a novelist whom she trusts B) If the book reviewer trusts the novelist as a storyteller, the novel in question must be set in a city the book reviewer knows well (C) Peter Lees first novel was set in San Francisco (D) The book reviewer does not trust any novel set in a city that she does not know well (E) The book reviewer does not believe that she knows San Francisco better than Peter Lee does 40. Prominent business executives often play active roles in United States presidential campaigns as fundraisers or backroom strategists but few actually seek to become president themselves.Throughout news report the great majority of those who have sought to become president have been l awyers, military leaders, or full -time politicians. This is understandable, for the personality and skills that make for success in business do not make for success in politics. Business is largely hierarchical, whereas politics is coordinative as a result, business executives tend to be uncomfortable with compromises and power sharin g, which are inherent in politics. Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the proposed explanation of why business execut ives do not run for president? A) Many of the most active presidential fundraisers and backroom strategists are themselves politicians. www. aristotleprep. com 19 (B) Military leaders are generally no more comfortable with compromises and power share-out than are business executives. (C) Some of the skills needed to become a successful lawyer are different from some of those needed to become a successful military leader. (D) Some former presidents have sedulous in business ventures after leaving office (E) Some hierarchically structured companies have been major financial supporters of candidates for president. 1. A scientific surmise is a good theory i f it satisfies two requirements it must accurately describe a large class of observations in terms of a a labyrinth that is simple enough to contain only a few elements, and it must make definite predictions about the results of future observations. For example, Aristotle? s cosmological theory, which claimed that everything was made out of four elements earth, air, fire, and water satisfied the first requirement but it did not make any definite prediction. Thus, Aristotle? cosmological theory was not a good theory. If all the statements in the passage are true, each of the following must also be true EXCEPT (A) Prediction about the results of future observations must be made by any good scientific theory. (B) Observation of physical phenomena was not a major concern in Aristotle? s cosmological Theory (C) Four elements can be the basis of a scientific model that is simp le enough to meet the Simplicity criterion of a good theory. (D) A scientific model that contains many elements is not a good theory (E) Aristotle? cosmological theory described a large class of observations in terms of only four elements. 42. Compared to non-profit hospitals of the same size, investor-owned hospitals require less public investment in the form of tax breaks, use less employees, and have higher occupancy levels. It can th erefore be conclude that investor -owned hospitals are a better way of delivering medical care than are non-profit hospitals. Which one of the following, if true, most undermines the conclusion drawn above? (A) Non-profit hospitals charge more per bed than do investor-owned hospitals. B) Patients in non-profit hospitals recover more pronto than don patients with comparable Illnesses in investor-owned hospitals (C) Non-profit hospitals do more fundraising than do investor-owned hospitals. (D) Doctors at non-profit hospitals earn higher salaries than do similarly qualified doctors at investor-owned hospitals. (E) Non-profit hospitals receive more donations than do investor-owned hospitals. 43. The ancient Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten, who had a deep effect during his lifetime on Egyptian art and religi on, was well loved and highly respected by his subjects.We know this from the fierce loyalty show to him by his palace guards, as documented in reports written during Akhenaten? s reig n. A questionable technique used in the argument is to www. aristotleprep. com 20 (A) Introduce learning that actually contradicts the conclusion (B) Rely on evidence that in principle would be impossible to challenge (C) Make a generalization based on a sample that is likely to be untypical (D) Depend on the ambiguity of the term ancient (E) Apply present-day standards in an inappropriate way to ancient times 44.Zelda Dr. Ladlow, a research psychologist, has convincingly demonstrated that his theory about the determinants of rat demeanour generates consistently accurate predictions about how rats will perform in a maze. On the basis of this evidence Dr. Ladlow has claimed that his theory is irrefutably correct. Anson Then Dr. Ladlow is not amenable psychologist. Dr. Ladlow? s evidence does not conclusively prove that his theory is correct. Responsible psychologists always accept the possibility that new evidence will show that their theories are incorrect.Which one of the follo wing can be properly inferred from Anson? s argument? (A) Dr. Ladlow? s evidence that his theory generates consistently accurate predictions about how rates will perform in a maze is inaccurate (B) Psychologists who can derive consistently accurate predictions about how rats will perform in a maze from their theories cannot responsibly co nclude that those theories cannot be disproved (C) No matter how responsible psychologists are, they can never develop correct theoretic explanations. (D) Responsible psychologists do not make predictions about how rats will perform in a maze E) Psychologists who accept the possibility that new evidence will show that their theories are incorrect are responsible psychologists. 45. Smith Meat in the diet is healthy, despite what some people say. After all, most doctors do eat meat, and who knows more about health than doctors do? Which one of the following is a flaw in Smith? s reasoning? (A) Attacking the opponents? motives instead of their argumen t (B) Generalizing on the basis of a sample consisting of a typical cases (C) Assuming at the outset what the argument claims to establish through reasoning D) large-hearted to authority, even when different authorities give conflicting advic e about an issue (E) Taking for minded(p) that experts do not act counter to what, according to their expertise, in their best interest 46. The brains of identical fit are genetically identical. When only one of a pair of identical twins is a schizophrenic, certain areas of the affected twin? s brain are smaller than corresponding areas in the brain of the untouched twin. No such differences are found when neither twin is schizophrenic. Therefore, this discovery www. aristotleprep. com 1 provides definitive evidence that schizophrenic disorder is caused by damage to the physical structure of the brain. Which one of the following is an assumption required by the argument? (A) The brain of person suffering from schizophrenia is smaller than the brain of anyone not suffering from schizophrenia (B) The relative smallness of certain parts of the brains of schizophrenics is not the result of schizophrenia or of medications used i n its treatment. (C) The brain of a person with an identical twin is no smaller, on average, than the brain of person who is not twines. D) When a pair of identical twins both suffer from schizophrenia, their brains are the same size (E) People who have an identical twin are no more likely to suffer from schizophrenia than those who do not. 47. Sixty adults were asked to keep a diary of their meals, including what they consumed, when, and in the company of how many people . It was found that at meals with which they drank dry beverages, they consumed about 175 calories more from non-alcoholic source than they did at meals with which they did not drink alcoholic beverages.Each of the following, if true, contributes to an explanation of the difference in caloric intake EXCEPT (A) Diners spent a muc h nightlong time at meals served with alcohol than they did at those serve without alcohol. (B) The meals eaten later in the day tended to be larger than those eaten earlier in the day, and later meals were more likely to include alcohol. (C) People eat more when there are more people present at the meal, and more people tended to be present at meal served with alcohol than at meal s served without alcohol. D) The meals that were most carefully prepared and most attractively served tended to be those at which alcoholic beverages were consumed (E) At meals that included alcohol, relatively more of the total calories consumed came from carbohydrates and relatively fewer of them came from fats and proteins. 48. Something must be done to ease traffic congestion. In traditional small towns, people used to work and shop in the same town in which they lived, but now that stores and workplaces are fit(p) far away from residential areas, people cannot avoid travelling long distances each day.Traffic congestion is so heavy on all roads that, even on major highways, the maximum speed averages only 35 miles per hour. Which one of the following proposals is most supported by the statements above? (A) The maximum speed limit on major highways should be increased. (B) People who now travel on major highways should be support to travel on secondary roads instead. (C) Residents of the remaining traditional small towns should be encouraged to assume to the suburbs. www. aristotleprep. com 22 (D) Drivers who travel well below the maximum speed limit on major highways should be fined. E) New businesses should be encouraged to locate closer to w here their workers would live. 49. College professor College students do not write nearly as well as they used to. Almost all of the papers that my students have done for me this year have been poorly written and ungrammatical. Which one of the following is the most serious failing in the argument made by the professor? (A) It requir es confirmation that the change in the professors students is representative of a change among college students in general. (B) It offers no proof to the effect that the professor is an accurate judge of writing ability. C) It does not take into account the possibility that the professor is a poor teacher. (D) It fails to present contrary evidence. (E) It fails to define its terms sufficiently. 50. Mayor of Plainsville In order to help the economy of Plainsville, I am using some of our tax revenues to help operate a major highway through the town and thereby attract new business to Plainsville. Citizens group You must have interests other than our economy in mind. If you were really interested in helping our economy, you would instead allocate the revenues to building a new business park since it would bring in twice the business that your highway would.The argument by the citizens group relies on which one of the following assumptions? (A) Plainsville presently has no major highwa ys running through it. (B) The mayor accepts that a new business park would bring in more new business than would the new highway. (C) The new highway would have no benefits for Plainsville other than attracting new business. (D) The mayor is required to get approval for all tax revenue allocation plans from the city council. (E) Plainsvilles economy will not be helped unless a new business park of the sort envisage by the citizens group is strengthened. 51.Recently, highly versatile workers in Eastern atomic number 63 have left jobs in record numbers to emigrate to the West. It is therefore likely that skilled workers who remain in Eastern Europe are in high demand in their home countries. Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument? (A) Eastern European factories prefer to hire workers from their home countries rather than to import workers from abroad. www. aristotleprep. com 23 (B) Major changes in Eastern European economic structures have led to the elimination of many positions previously held by the highly skilled emigrants. C) Many Eastern European emigrants need to acquire new skills after finding work in the West. (D) Eastern European countries plan to train many new workers to replace the highly skilled workers who have emigrated. (E) Because of the departure of skilled workers from Eastern European countries, many positions are now unfilled. 52. Two palaeontologists, Dr Tyson and Dr. Rees, resist over the interpretation of certain footprints that were left among other footprints in hardened volcanic ash at site G. Dr.Tyson claims they are clearly early hominid footprints since they show human characteristics a squarish hot dog and a big walk immediately adjacent to the next toe. However, since the footprints indicate that if hominids made those prints they would have had to walkway in an unexpected hybridizing-stepping manner, by placing the left foot to the right of the right foot. Dr. Rees rejects Dr. Tysons c onclusion. Which one of the following, if true, most seriously undermines Dr. Tysons conclusion? (A) The foot prints showing human characteristics were clearly those of at least two distinct individuals. B) certain(a) species of bears had feet very like human feet, except that the outside toe on each foot was the biggest toe and the innermost toe was the smallest toe. (C) Footprints shaped like a humans that do not show a cross -stepping pattern exist at site M, which is a mile away from site G, and the two sets of footprints are contemporaneous. (D) When the moist volcanic ash became sealed under additional layers of ash before hardening, some expand of some of the footprints were erased. (E) Most of the other footprints at site G were of animals with hooves. 53.It is not known whether bovine spongiform brain disorder (BSE), a disease of oxen invariably deadly to them, can be transmitted directly from one infect animal to another at all stages of the infection. If it can be, the re is now a reference of infected cattle incubating the disease. There are no diagnostic tests to identify infected animals before the animals show overt symptoms. Therefore, if such direct transmission occurs, the disease cannot be eradicated by ____ Which one of the following best completes the argument? (A) removing from the herd and destroying any diseased animal as soon as it shows the typical symptoms of innovational BSE B) developing a drug that kills the agent that cause BSE, and then treating with that drug all cattle that might have the disease (C) destroying all cattle in areas where BSE occurs and raising cattle only in areas to which BSE is known not to have spread (D) developing a vaccine that confers long immunity against BSE and giving it to all cattle, destroying in due course all those animals for which the vaccine vindication came too late www. aristotleprep. com 24 (E) developing a diagnostic test that does identify any infected animal and destroying all anim als found to be infected 4. Auto industry executive Statistics show that cars that were built smaller af ter 1977 to make them more fuel-efficient had a higher incidence of accident-related fatalities than did their earlier larger counterparts. For this reason we oppose recent guidelines that would require us to produce cars with higher fuel efficiency. Which of the following, if true, would constitute the strongest objection to the executives argument? (A) withal after 1977, large automobiles were frequently involved in accidents that caused death or serious injury. B) Although fatalities in accidents involving small cars have increased since 1977, the number of accidents has decreased. (C) New computerized fuel systems can enable large cars to meet fuel efficiency standards established by the recent guidelines. (D) Modern technology can make small cars more fuel-efficient today than at any other time in their production history. (E) Fuel efficiency in models of large cars rose im mediately after 1977 but has been declining ever since. 55. No one who lacks knowledge of a subject is competent to pass judgment on that subject.Since political know-how is a matter, not of adhering to technical rules, but of insight and style learned through apprenticeship and experience, only seasoned politicians are competent to judge whether a particular political policy is fair to all. A major weakness of the argument is that it (A) relies on a generalization about the characteristic that makes someone competent to pass judgment (B) fails to give specific examples to illustrate how political know-how can be acquired (C) uses the term apprenticeship to describe what is seldom a formalized relationship D) equates political know-how with understanding the social implications of political policies (E) assumes that when inexperienced politicians set policy they are guided by the advice of more experienced politicians 56. Impact craters caused by meteorites smashing into earth, hav e been found all around the globe but they have been found in the greatest density in geologically stable component parts. This relatively greater abundance of securely identified crater s in geologically stable regions must be explained by the lower rates of d estructive geophysical processes in those regions.The conclusion is properly drawn if which one of the following is assumed? (A) A meteorite that strikes exactly the same spot as an earlier meteorite will repeal all traces of the earlier impact. www. aristotleprep. com 25 (B) Rates of destructive geophysical processes within any given region vary markedly throughout geological time. (C) The rate at which the Earth is struck by meteorites has greatly increased in geologically recent times. (D) Actual meteorite impacts have been scattered fairly evenly over the Earths surface in the course of Earths geological history. E) The Earths geologically stable regions have been studied more intensively by geologists than have its les s stable regions. 57. That the policy of nuclear deterrence has worked thus far is unquestionable. Since the end of the Second World War, the very fact that there were nuclear armaments in existence has kept major powers from using nuclear weapons, for fear of starting a worldwide nuclear exchange that would make the land of the power initiating it uninhabitable. The proof is that a third world war between superpowers has not happened. Which one of the following, if true, indicates a flaw in the argument? A) Maintaining a high level of nuclear armaments represents a significant waste pipe on a countrys economy. (B) From what has happened in the past, it is impossible to infer with certainty what will happen in the future, so an accident could still trigger a third world war between superpowers. (C) Continuing to produce nuclear weapons beyond the minimum needed for deterrence increases the likelihood of a nuclear accident. (D) The major powers have engaged in many smaller-scale mil itary operations since the end of the Second World War, while refraining from a nuclear onfrontation. (E) It cannot be known whether it was nuclear deterrence that worked, or some other factor, such as a recognition of the economic value of remaining at peace. 58. A survey of alumni of the class of 1960 at forenoon University yielded puzzling results. When asked to indicate their academic rank, half of the respondents reported that they were in the top quarter of the graduating class in 1960. Which one of the following most helps account for the apparent contradict ion above? (A) A disproportionately large number of high -ranking alumni responded to the survey. B) Few, if any, respondents were mistaken about their class rank. (C) Not all the alumni who were actually in the top quarter responded to the survey. (D) Almost all of the alumni who graduated in 1960 responded to the survey. (E) Academic rank at Aurora University was based on a number of considerations in addition to avera ge grades. 59. The seventeenth-century physicist Sir Isaac Newton is remembered chiefly for his treaties on motion and gravity. But Newton also conducted experiments secretly for www. aristotleprep. com 26 any years based on the arcane theories of alchemy, trying unsuccessfully to transmute common metals into gold and produce rejuvenating elixirs. If the alchemists of the seventeenth century had published the results of their experiments, chemistry in the eighteenth century would have been more advanced that it actually was. Which one of the following assumptions would allow the conclusion concerning eighteenth-century chemistry to be properly drawn? (A) Scientific progress is retarded by the reluctance of historians to acknowledge the failures of some of the great scientists. B) Advances in science are hastened when reports of experiments, whether successful or not, are available for review by other scientists. (C) Newtons work on motion and gravity would not have gained wide accep tance if the results of his work in alchemy had also been made public. (D) Increasing specialization within the sciences makes it difficult for scientists in one field to understand the principles of other fields. (E) The seventeenth-century alchemists could have achieved their goals only if their experiments had been subjected to public scrutiny. 0. aqueous rock hardens within the earths crust as lavers of matter accumulate and the pressure of the layers above converts the layers below into rock. One particular layer of sedimentary rock that contains an unusual amount of the element iridium has been presented as support for a theory that a meteorite collided with the earth some sixty million years ago. Meteorites are rich in iridium compared to the earths crust, and geologists theorize that a meteorites collision with the earth raised a huge buy of iridium-laden dust.The dust, they say, event