Compare or Contrast

The City I Love Traveling is one of my favorite activities in life. But the sad truth is that I have only been to one other place besides my hometown Miami, Florida. My first adventure was to a small town in North Carolina called Liberty. Compared to Miami, there were many characteristics I was not familiarized with and were new to me. Among the many alterations the weather, the people, and the lifestyle were the ones that caught my attention the most, causing me to realize just how much I need to appreciate Miami.For starters, the weather in Liberty is completely opposite from what we are used to in Miami. Instead of walking outside sweating from head to toe and becoming completely sticky from the humidity, they experience what is known as dry heat. But besides that, the temperature also affects the seasons. For example, in fall, the leaves on the trees begin to change colors and fall off their branches. It's quite a sad situation because the leaves are drying out, but it's one of t he many beautiful scenes my eyes could capture.In winter, temperatures drop to freezing level and snow starts to come around. People have to wear tons of jackets and sweaters to stay warm. Unlike Miami, the weather is almost always on the same temperature dial, hot. Even in the fall, it still feels like it is summer. People go to the beaches, but never get in since water temperature may be cold because of the ocean currents. In winter, temperatures start to drop, but never to a freezing point unless a strong cold front passes by. Quite frankly, I love it in Miami because the weather is always perfect for many activities.It’s really hard to leave a beautiful place like this. The people in Liberty also caught me by surprise. I expected them to be down to earth and friendly, but I was wrong! The majority of the population included plenty of whites and Mexicans. The whites though, were very racist against African Americans, Latinos, and Mexicans. Their attitudes include nothing o f humility because they believe to be the best among all. They were really disrespectful and always looked at others as if they were an alien.In Miami, there is a variety of different people, but mostly Latinos take more than half of the population. I could truly say I feel accepted, because everyone down here usually gets along and typically treat one another equally. Most importantly the color of a human skin or of a family background does not keep you from being treated with respect, and that is one quality I would refuse to lose hold of. The lifestyle at Liberty compared to Miami was vapid. There was nothing to do since nothing was near. Stores were miles away and malls were nowhere to be seen or found.Neighbors were also far apart since people owned acres of land to grow crops or just to have to themselves. Club and lounges were also never heard of since not many people partied or went out to have a good time. Liberty was also a dry county. For instance, on Sundays, they werenà ¢â‚¬â„¢t permitted to hunt or purchase liquor from the stores or gas stations because Sundays are considered to be holy days. Even though it was peaceful and quiet, on the other hand, Miami was always awake with its beautiful beaches and party activities.Stores and malls are just around the corner and they vary. Clubs and lounges are always open even on Sundays and are found anywhere in Miami if anybody wants to have a great time. Miami lifestyle is just amazing and never can get boring and lame. I can always find something to do and somewhere to go to be with friends or even with the family. Even though visiting Liberty was nice, there's no doubt that Miami is the greatest place to live in or visit if you're from another country or state.The weather, people, and lifestyle are far from being alike, but not every state or country is the same. I liked Liberty, but Miami is the place I love as the weather is amazing, the people are respectful, and the lifestyle is full of entertainment . Miami is definitely a great place to have a fun time, but if you want to be in peace and independent then maybe you want to visit Liberty. I would definitely think twice about going to Liberty again. Miami is the place I rather be at and never would leave again unless another city is the same.

An Assignment on Web Design

I have been given the task to design a web based personal portfolio of myself aimed at potential employers. The website functions as an online resume for employers to view at their leisure. It will have number of pages containing data that would be sought after by employers. The weapon must be designed in a way that would appeal to employers in the field I wish to be hired in. I have chosen to advertise myself as a student studying to be a software engineer.Goals The planned website must be at least five pages in length, must be designed to accommodate my target audience being possible employers, must have a consistent and appropriate structure and should have an appropriate and pleasing visual design. Implementation is not necessary for this project. In order to best suit the planned website to the target audience I plan to make two persona of possible employers and from them four scenarios, the task only requires one persona and two scenarios but I believe that one is not enough to cover all potential employers.In order to make possible implementation successful the content of the website must be outlined, organized, categorizes and properly structured. Along with the organized content a series of wire frames will be made displaying the physical layout of the website as well as the location of the content within the pages. Accompanying the wire frames a series of screen mock ups will be supplied displaying a potential style to be used.These will come with a style guide detailing features in the mock ups. Audience: Analyzing my target audience is the most important element in creating a successful weapon. A proper analysis can result in features of the weapon that will successfully entice my target audience, being potential employers, to properly browse the weapon. A good way to analyses a target audience is through the creation of persona.A persona is the profile of an imaginary person that displays thee characteristics common to a target audience. Below are two persona with two scenarios each. Persona 1: Mark – Founder of a new software company â€Å"l am looking to build up my software company' Mark Hayward is a young entrepreneur looking to build his software company â€Å"Seasons†, a company started by Mark and a few of his friends from University. He is looking to hire some more people to expand his company.Name: Mark Hayward Type: Intelligent and Ambitious Role: Founder of his Software Company Male * Age 26 * Full Time * Upper – Middle class * Intelligent * Interested in software * Organized * Motivated * Ambitious * young Goals: * Expand his company * Create innovative products * Become a major player in IT Motivations: * A fierce interest in software * A need for accomplishment Scenario: 1 . Mark is looking for a few University students studying IT to hire as armature software engineers in order to expand his software company. Upon a quick web search he sees a link to my online portfolio.Upon browsing the w eapon he sends me an e-mail offering me an interview. 2. I hear Marks Software Company is hiring armature software engineers, I find his e-mail address and send him an e-mail with a link to my online portfolio. He sees my e-mail and follows the link. After browsing the weapon he sends me an email offering me an interview. Persona 2: Shame – Employment manager at Code Valley â€Å"l manage employment for the software company Code Valley' Shame Mason is the employment manager at Code Valley. He searches for potential employees for the company and puts them through the interview process.Name: Shame Mason Type: Office worker, middle aged Role: Employment manager Key Characteristics: * Age 45 * Upper-Middle class Steady life * Dedicated to his Job * Has a steady life * Work hard and climb the corporate ladder * Improve his standard of living * Do a good Job * Climbing the ladder * Making money * Doing a good Job 1 . Shame is looking for possible employees in the future by offerin g internships to university students. He searches for potential employees on the internet and finds a link to my personal portfolio. After browsing the weapon he sends me an e-mail offering me an interview 2.I meet Shame at a careers expo, I write down the URL of my online personal portfolio and give it to him. A few weeks later he visits my arsenal portfolio and after browsing it sends me an e-mail offering me an interview. Content Outline & Structure: Content outline: Home Page: The home page will be fairly basic containing a picture of myself and a few lines of text welcoming the potential employer to the site. It will be of the same design as all other pages with links along the top linking to the other pages. About page: The about page will be more complex than the home page.It will contain a picture of myself alongside three areas of text. The first area of text will be a quote relating to the profession I hope to enter, being software engineering. The two other areas of text will be of a smaller size and relate to my professional experiences and personal life. This page's purpose is to educate the potential employer on what kind of person I am as well as what work related experiences I have had that would make me a strong client for a position in their company. Contact page: The contact page's purpose is to give the potential employer an easy and quick way to send me messages or Job offers on the weapon.I believe it's very important to offer an almost effortless way of contacting me so as to remove the possibility of being removed as a potential employee due to being difficult to contact. The page itself is fairly bare, it consists of three text areas for user input and headings labeling them. The first text area is for the name of the person contacting me, the second is for their email so I can reply to their messages and the third is for the actual message. The button below the last text area when clicked will sent the inputted data to me as an email. Qualifications: The qualifications page is a purely informative page.It contains details of any certificates or other official credentials I possess in drop down menu's. When in compact form all that is displayed is the title of the certification, when expanded a worth description is supplied along with a PDF download link of the official document. References: The references page Contains a series of tiles containing details of references I have received. Each tile contains a title of where I gained the reference as well as a brief description of the reference and a PDF download of the letter of than my own. Site Map: Below is the site map for my planned website.It displays all the pages planned as well as what pages link to each other. Being such a small website all pages link to each other to allow potential employers to browse easily. Wire Frames: Wireless for every planned page are displayed below. All wireless are made using Adobe Fireworks CSS. Home Page: Below is the planned layout of the Home page. About Page: Below is the planned layout of the About page. Contact page: Below is the planned layout of the Contact page. Qualifications Page: Below is the planned layout of the Qualifications page. Employment Page: Below is the planned layout of the Employment page.Visual Design Style Guide: Below is the basic style guide of my planned website. Elements like font styles and sizes as well as some hexadecimal color codes for a few parts of the page. None of Hess designs are definite as the limitations of HTML and CSS have not been fully taken into account. Background: Image file repeated Background: Image file repeated Heading(h2o): size – opt, Font – Bauhaus 93 Heading (Hal): size – opt, Font – Bauhaus 93 Content background: #EDDIED repeated Borders: #OFF, solid Text(p): size – opt, Font – Bauhaus 93 Image Screen Mock-ups: Below are my screen mock ups for every page planned.They were all created using Adobe Firework s CSS. Home Page: Below is the screen mock-up of the Home page. Below is the screen mock-up of the About page. Contact Page: Below is the screen mock-up of the Contact page. Below is the screen mock-up of the Qualifications page. Below is the screen mock-up of the Employment page. Inspirational pages: Below are two pages I took inspiration from in creating my own page. Jason Julienne: http://Association. Com/about/ Jeff Finley: http://www. ]Finley. Rag/about/ Design Rationale The task I was given was to design a web based personal portfolio of myself aimed at potential employers, its purpose being to function as a resume. I believe that the weapon I have designed would fulfill the requirements of this assignment as well as the requirements of any potential employer that may view it if it is implemented. An important part in designing this weapon was to consider what kind of profession I would be interested in entering, this idea changed the entire way the website was arranged and wh at content was included .For example if I had chosen graphic design I would have had to include a number of works I had been involved in as well as samples of those works. The profession I chose to focus on was software engineering; this meant that previous works were not included as they were not as important as qualifications and previous Jobs to potential employers. This change can be seen in he layout of the website having a page for qualifications and a page for references instead of pushing qualifications and references into one page and including previous works.The layout of this weapon was made to be simple. I believe that in a weapon focusing on advertising only one person complexity is pretentious and unnecessary. This is why I have made every page accessible by any single page. The layout is made so that every page is split into two obvious areas, navigation and content. Throughout designed to be simple because a potential employer merely skims resume's, he or she never s pends hours getting in depth with Just one. Why would a potential employer treat an online resume any different?An element of this weapon that I didn't look into in depth was the visual design, the design used is made to be nothing but aesthetically pleasing. If the weapon was to be implemented I may revisit this element and choose a visual design more themed around technology. This may appeal to people hiring in IT professions more than the one that is currently displayed. The web page designed in the above pages is simple but I believe it achieves exactly what it was designed to do, function as an online resume aimed at potential employers.

Research methodology Essay

In order to isolate the results for this particular study, only a survey questionnaire done from children and parents in the general vicinity of Johor Bahru, Malaysia area would have been utilized. These questionnaires were delivered to children, parents, merchants, financial institutions, social and financial professors and administrators. The results were divided into these same categories to ensure validity and reliability. General information in regard to identifiers was utilized in order to ensure that there would be no bias. This information provided the researcher with a more clarified view of perceptions in regard to children’s buying behavior and trend in Johor Bahru, Malaysia Data gained from a specific area for ease of accessibility and for targeted accuracy lending reliability and validity to the research process. The variables involved would include age groups, amount of education, and understanding of financial responsibility. Other variables may be inclusive of the economic standings of the children along with the same standings for the parents of the children interviewed. A third series of variables includes the types of studies that are managed and the cultural background of the children at each of these areas. Each question had either a yes or a no answer or followed positive or negative reactions to certain questions. The process to deliver and collect these questionnaires spanned approximately two weeks. Reliability for the researcher was achieved in the assurance that only a specified group of children, men and women were utilized in regard to the research. This gave the research a more focused view of the research goal. The validity was managed as a result of this focus and emphasized in the considerations involved in the data collection, variables, and sampling methods. Privacy and confidentiality methods included assigning numeric and alphabetic coding to each responding questionnaire. This ensured anonymity in regard to the researcher and the subjects of the research process. A Qualitative method of study differs from the usual quantitative methods (used in the study of pure sciences) in the sense that it tends to be far more subjective. This is in sharp contrast to the methods used in pure sciences which are exclusively objective. The research methods for marketing are a combination of both quantitative and qualitative methods. Being open to qualitative methods of study also allows social scientists to incorporate non-quantitative data (i. e. non-numerical data, such as words, images, gestures, impressions etc. ) in their study. Since human beings tend to operate in terms of such data and not in terms of the terminology used in ordinary sciences this broader outlook is far more applicable in the study of social sciences. In keeping with the methodology employed in marketing researches the theories too are formulated and used keeping in mind that they aren’t necessarily applicable to all conditions. Be it psychology, history, political science or economics human events are most likely to influence the rules which define the basic theories of a marketing subject. Success in the field of marketing researches can therefore be achieved if and only if it is understood that the subject has no space or opportunity for water-tight methodologies or theories. It can always be stated that Qualitative research is a process that includes interpretative paradigm under the measures of theoretical assumptions and the entire approach is based on sustainability that is depended on people’s experience in terms of communication. It can also be mentioned that the total approach is based on the fact that reality is created on the social formulations. It can also be mentioned that the basic target of qualitative research is instrumented towards social context under normal circumstances where it would be possible to interpret, decode and describe the significances of a phenomenon. The entire process is operational under the parameter of interpretative paradigm that can minimize illusion and share subjectivity under contextualization, authenticity and complexity of the investigation. (Dollard, 2006) The basic advantages of qualitative measures are multifold. Firstly, it presents a completely realistic approach that the statistical analysis and numerical data used in research based on quantitative research cannot provide. Another advantage of qualitative measures is that it is more flexible in nature in terms of collected information interpretation, subsequent analysis and data collection. It also presents a holistic point of view of the investigation. Furthermore this approach of research allows the subjects to be comfortable thus be more accurate as research is carried on in accordance to the subject’s own terms. The best statistical method would be to interview long well formulated day to day working procedure at a specific and well selected location. Throughout the procedure, it should be noticed whether there are specific variables within the testable population or not. These variables would be extremely important while evaluating the basic data in the final stages where the adjustments would be made to the formulated data in accordance to the observations. However, it is important to completely take into account the aspects of fundamental variables of an individual such as ethnicity, religious belief or positive support from the sales structure of the management and individual. However it could be stated that the most basic distinction is between a quantitative or qualitative evaluation. In a quantitative evaluation, the purpose is to come up with some objective metric of human performance that can be used to compare interaction phenomena. This can be contrasted with a qualitative evaluation, in which the purpose is to derive deeper understanding of the human interaction experience. A typical example of a quantitative evaluation is the empirical user study, a controlled experiment in which some hypothesis about interaction is tested through direct measurement. A typical example of a qualitative evaluation is an open-ended interview with relevant users. As a result this method would be used widely. As descriptions of statistical methods that will be used it could be stated that in order to isolate the results for this particular study, only a survey questionnaire done would have been utilized. These questionnaires would be delivered to potential customers and retailers along with the administrators of different companies. The results were divided into these same categories to ensure validity and reliability. General information in regard to identifiers was utilized in order to ensure that there would be no bias and this is extremely vital for the study on children’s buying behavior and trend in Johor Bahru, Malaysia. (Kar, 2006) It is necessary to design a new experiment that test the statistical method. For the purpose it is necessary to collect a complete data of the site that would include different religion, ethnicity or gender. An open meeting with potential subjects in relation to the study on children’s buying behavior and trend in Johor Bahru, Malaysia would be very relevant in this context but only the upper income limits should be taken into account in the initial stages. This is because only upper sections are the groups that are most likely to be truly instrumental in developing the buying habits among children. However, a good portion of the subjects would be from the middle level section of income too. The mixed gender of male and female potential children buyers could well be excluded as that would complicate matters in the context of gender variable juxtaposed with other pre mentioned variables but considering other dependable factors sustaining it would yield to be fruitful in the long run. Data would be collected in relation to the gender, color, religion of the potential customers in respect to the composition of the management under the same parameters. Furthermore, the favorable conditions in the context of experienced customer response would also be accounted. All these variables are considered as very relevant and important features of the statistical method and it is to be seen if these aspects are fundamentally acceptable in practical world and it could well be mentioned that service, especially related to the study on children’s buying behavior and trend in Johor Bahru, Malaysia, are a very relevant manifestation of the social dimensions. As a result if the test is carried out in a proper manner with proper calculations of the population involved then there is no reason that the results would be both logical and true at the end consideration. (Fletcher, 2005) In accordance to the basic test selected it could be stated that it could be possible that the outcome would be relatively logical in the sense that it would ultimately follow the trends of social facilitation theory in marketing and thus it would be agreeable with the statistical method and thus a well formulated marketing strategy can be constructed in relation to the study on children’s buying behavior and trend in Johor Bahru, Malaysia. However, it should be stated that there would be few independent variables in the context of the test that could not be explained by the statistical method statements. Here the ethical consideration of the potential customers or the ethnic background of the potential customers may not be a very relevant factor. Thus there could be some flaws to the collection of the population but if these aspects are kept in mind then the shortcomings would easily be negotiated during the ultimate computations. As a result the test would appear to be a full proofed measure that would be able to define and prove the fundamental aspects and statistical method applied. (Edelman, 2005) Milestone. The basic stage of this research will start June 1st to July 1st, when the interview questions will be structured. Further this period of time will be gathered the vast majority of the up-dated secondary data about our case study (journals, articles). July 1st to August 31st will be conducted the appreciation of the primary data collected from the interviews and the combination of it with the theoretical patterns and the secondary data. September 1st until the deadline date will take place the finalization of dissertation’s lay-out and the conclusions made by the analysis. This timescale plan cannot be final at this period of time because some research activities are depending from the outcomes of other variable activities of the research, such as the interview’s dates that will depend on the interviewee availability at specific dates. Works Time Date Literature Review 30 days June 1st to July 1st Data Collection 60 days July 1st to August 31st Analysis 30 days September 1st- 1st October. References: Dollard, John & Doob, Leonard W; (2006); Aggression in Decision Building; New Haven and London: Yale University Press.Edelman, S; (2005); Evaluation Techniques in International Business Management; Bloemfontein: ABP Ltd Fletcher, R; (2005); Principals: Beliefs and Knowledge; Believing and Knowing; Dunedin: Howard & Price IMF; 2007; Reports: 2006-2007; Paris: ADM Press Kar, P; (2006); History of Industrial Economics and Related Applications; Kolkata: Dasgupta & Chatterjee King, H; (2006); Social Principals Today; Auckland: HBT & Brooks Ltd Lamb, D; (2004); Cult to Culture: The Development of Civilization on the Strategic Strata; Wellington: National Book Trust.

New product idea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

New product idea - Essay Example he possibility to easily consume your daily dose of fresh fruit juice at work, at school, †¦ Fruitness offers a small assortment of orange-based fruit juices to match everyone’s taste and it makes for the perfect refreshment during a break from working. The exclusivity of our business model lies in the concept of delivering fresh juices directly to companies. Fruitness will be established as a B.V.B.A. to limit liabilities for the owners. The money that has to be raised to start the business is â‚ ¬ 60.000, financed by five managers. Dividends will not be paid during the first 7 years. Profit will be re-invested in the company to finance internal growth. Some of our major direct competitors are Minute Maid (Coca Cola Co.) and Tropicana (Pepsi Co.). Their main advantages are their size and expertise. Their weakness is their disability to deliver a fresh juice to the market. â€Å"Fruitness provides a solution to increased awareness towards health and better-for-you products. All Fruitness juices are daily made with fresh fruit and delivered within 24 hours. Fruitness’ innovative business model ensures that Fruitness is available at the places where people spend most of their time and energy; at work or at school!† Fruitness produces fresh orange juice, squeezed the first day and directly delivered to the customer the second day. It is made of 100% fresh fruit, without addition of sugar, concentrate, preservatives or use of heat. The packaging consists of a white HDPE (high density polyethylene) bottle that helps maintain high Vitamin C levels (extra 15% retention rate over clear bottles). It is a high quality product aimed at health-conscious consumers. The juice is delivered to companies that want to provide their employees with a fresh, healthy and tasty alternative to the usual soft-drinks. To meet customer demand and taste, Fruitness produces different flavours. It focuses on citrus juices, all with an orange basis: Orange ² (100% orange), Orange & Lime

Minimum wage Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Minimum wage - Term Paper Example There have been two proposals for adult minimum-wage and teen wages in the United States. Adults need the minimum-wage for living expenses and teens need them to learn the responsibility and pay expenses of their own. The research has uncovered many factors that impact upon these questions; as well as the number of jobs that are attainable in the workforce. As the economy is changing, firms are questioning their future finances to meet the dual standards of minimum-wage and population growth. These issues overlap invariably for everyone in the workplace as Hamilton firm studies give the results with minimum wage and the projected time it will take to rise out of the economic stagnation the country is in at the present time. Said one set of researchers, â€Å"We also continue to explore the nation’s ‘jobs gap’ or the number of jobs needed to return to pre-recession employment levels (Harris & Kearney, 2014). Figure 1.0 below denotes the overall impact of increasin g minimum wage; based upon the number of individuals within the workforce that would have been â€Å"pushed out of poverty† as a result of this increase. The issue of the minimum wage has been under discussion for many years. Ultimately, the United States is one of a handful of countries around the world that legally institutes a minimum wage that the worker is able to receive. This is done to ensure that the workers are not taken advantage of and paid less than a â€Å"living wage†. However, the fact of the matter is that a â€Å"living wage†, as minimum wage has oftentimes been referred to, is ultimately in effect, a subjective measurement. However, minimum wage is oftentimes utilized as a means of supporting entire families within the lower socioeconomic strata of the United States; something it was never designed to do. When one considers the fact that the current rate of unemployment within the nation’s teenagers is in

The truth about convergence of living standards across the world Essay

The truth about convergence of living standards across the world - Essay Example Concerning this, reviewing the academic literature in this issue would make sense. A certain study was able to probe and contribute to the upward spiral number of economic growth literatures by employing other social indicators alternative to per capita income (Hobijn and Franses, 2001; Ciscar and Soria, 2000; Fung, 2009; Welsch and Bonn, 2008). Some of these papers found that the convergence in GDP per capita does not necessarily mean convergence in other social indicators. However, as observed the gap between rich and poor can be examined in real GDP per capita and in living standards. Another study stood in stark contrast with the findings generated by Hobijn and Franses (Neumayer, 2003). In this research, various tests of convergence were employed including regression analysis, the coefficient of variation, kernel density estimates and transition probability matrices. This study contains an argument that convergence should be measured based on the living standards and not in achi evement index. Concerning this, the proponent of the study chose to include life expectancy, infant survival, educational enrolment, literacy and telephone and television availability as important aspects of living standards. Neumayer found that there was a strong evidence to support the convergence of the mentioned aspects of living standards. ... Based on the above findings, it is imperative to consider that economic convergence remains a very important economic issue for more relevant academic explorations. Regarding this, the proponent of this paper tries to understand up to what extent is the hypothesis that there will eventually be convergence of living standards across the world supported by theoretical and empirical research. Per capita GDP (Gross Domestic Product) In many convergence studies, per capita GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is the common measure of the country’s economic growth. After all, it measures the total output of a country by dividing the GDP with the number of people in it (Todaro and Smith, 2011; Angeles, 2008; Egger et al., 2004; ). Based on this logical approach behind the meaning of per capita GDP, many economists find it useful to use it for comparing relative performance between countries. When one wants to know the level of productivity of a certain country, a rise in per capita GDP could potentially signal economic growth. Therefore, per capita income of poor countries should relatively higher than developed countries in order to realize convergence of living standards. However, this argument is widely debatable because there are also many studies trying to point out that there is continuing divergence of living standards all over the world (Cole and Neumayer, 2003; Portnov and Erell, 2004; Allen, 2012; Ravallion and Jalan, 1996; Morgan, 2009; Rakowski, 1994; Decancq et al., 2009). In the first place, there are also many empirical measures associated with finding the living standards. It turns out that per capita GDP is just one of them. Convergence

The ultimate achievemet of the Land Registration Act Essay

The ultimate achievemet of the Land Registration Act - Essay Example In analysing the practical ramifications of the LRA 2002, this paper will critically evaluate the procedural and substantive changes in the law on land registration as brought in by the LRA. Moreover, this paper will argue that a central issue in the evaluation of the LRA 2002 is whether property purchase post 2002 has become easier as intended by the extrapolations of the Law Commission Report7. A central issue of concern in contemporary conveyancing is the applicability of any third party â€Å"off the record† proprietary rights and to this end I shall undertake a contextual and comparative analysis with the unregistered system for enforceability of third party rights. Moreover, I shall further evaluate the system for enforceability of third party equitable rights under the registered land system post 2002. It is submitted at the outset that such an evaluation is vital to the overall consideration of the substantive and procedural changes brought about by the LRA in order to determine whether or not the LRA has in fact created a â€Å"rational legal order† as suggested. In assessing the extent of changes introduced by the LRA 2002, it is further necessary to consider the essential objectives of the Law Commission Report, particularly in terms of its hailing the LRA bill as a revolution for conveyancing practice8. Firstly, the Law Commission argued that the reforms proposed by the LRA were bold particularly in respect of the: â€Å"Move from a paper based system of conveyancing to one that is entirely electronic is a very major one and it will transform fundamentally the manner in which the process is conducted9.† Indeed, in the Law Commission Report, in addressing the fundamental objectives of the Bill, it asserts that â€Å"dispositions of... The system for protection of third party interests appears to remain intrinsically complex for purchasers notwithstanding the objectives of the LRA. Moreover, the above analysis demonstrates that it is incorrect to argue that the changes brought introduced by the LRA have automatically culminated in a rationale and simplified system of land registration with limited scope for off the record interests. Indeed, the complex rules of the LRA highlight that in reality, the extent to which a purchaser can be subject to third party interests will ultimately depend on the nature of the right. Additionally, the drafting of the LRA 2002 retains some the core provisions of the 1925 Land Registration Act, which effectively creates a dual system of protection. To this end, it is submitted that it is questionable whether the LRA 2002 has met the objectives extrapolated by the Law Commission, which is arguably a significant opportunity missed.

Legal Transplants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Legal Transplants - Essay Example The establishment of a market economy and the introduction of an ‘open door’ policy in China have necessitated the need for internationalising Chinese law and there is an increased stress on legal assimilation or transplant, which is to be based on market-associated legal mechanisms. There is a fear in some corners that legal transplantation may end up westernising Chinese law, but to be an economic super power, there is a necessity for China to modernise its law. Much Chinese literature has stressed the need for harmonising or assimilating China’s law with that of international conventions and practices and transplanting into China western laws on market-associated mechanisms. The main objectives of economic and structural reforms and the freedom of productive forces are the main criteria for internationalisation of Chinese law6. Legal transfusions have been carried out around the globe. The rest of Asia has benefitted from the import of laws from China and many South–East Asian nations have imported Islamic laws into their legal systems. There exists corroborative evidence that East African nations have benefited from the transplantation of Indian legal rules. The latest legal developments in Mozambique and Namibia have an influence from South African laws. And today, the close relationship between Africa and China could trigger a new transmission of legal models to support business transactions7. Laws that are consistent with the pre-existing social order or with the local atmosphere are more probable to be successfully transplanted and implemented. A nation is likely to derive economic advantage from a successful legal transplant, but this does not depend the legal rule’s country of origin but whether it is the most apt to resolve a given... This paper stresses that the PRC government does not refer the international human rights accords as an instant legal source but rather as a reference point of legislation. This connotes that PRC does not want to imitate the exact treaty provisions in its national human rights law but may prefer to fine-tune the substance of international human rights provisions to suit with the Chinese or local scenarios. The author of the paper talks that other human rights deficiencies include, as discussed above, included coerced confessions, restriction of the right to be promptly charged or released and lack of client-lawyer privilege. Freedom to assemble and establish trade unions falls short of ICESCR provisions. It is suggested that a radical change within the Chinese political system is needed to introduce the Human Rights Law in tune with international human rights treaties. Legal adoption of international human rights laws in China should be tailored to the needs of the Chinese one-party system with enhanced safeguards for the ordinary citizen within an authoritarian rule-of-law government is the current need. This report makes a conclusion that if China really wants a total legal transplant of the international human treaty provisions into its HRL, it should endeavour to implement the following: it should fine tune some chosen laws to the prerequisites of the ICCPR; produce a reliable understanding of the Constitution that is unfailing with the ICCPR; introduce a constitutional amendment to include the norms of the ICCPR; and insert a rule in its ordinary statutes or in its Constitution that requires a prior application of the ICCPR.

French History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

French History - Essay Example In the next section, the writer gave a brief explanation of the contents of the declaration. The article deduces that the many clauses in the Declaration had several setbacks and hence was not a perfect document in terms of equality of every human being. The writer has even mentioned of one clause that discusses the freedom of man and his equal rights. It has also been stated that absence of clauses regarding slavery and women was one principle factor that makes the Declaration less impactful. Here, the writer has attempted to establish the weak points of the Declaration. This section needed more elaboration on the features of the Declaration. I feel his argument was not strong enough to make his statement that the Declaration was a flawed one much convincing. This section should mention about more clauses and with that there should be logical explanations as to how this Declaration cannot be called as a perfect one. However, the writer has mentioned that this Declaration induced peo ple to speculate on why things are the way they are. I feel here there should have been a brief mention of the positive elements of the Declaration to bring out the logic of the final statement of this section. In the next section, the writer has briefly explained how Haitian Revolution was partly sparked by the French Revolution. I feel this section has been quite clear about the circumstances that led to Haitian Revolution. During this period, Haiti demanded freedom when the French National Assembly began advocating freedom of all men. The Revolution was started by Toussaint Louverture when plantation owners refused to give fair treatment to the slaves and on the contrary treated them even worse. The article then explained how Napoleon, at the end of the revolution, reinstated slavery and restored Haiti to its original form. Napoleon’s

Aids work Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Aids work - Coursework Example Under the Global Fund program started in 2002, rich countries decided to reduce debt on the indebted poor countries which also helped improve the poor countries’ condition. Ways recommended by the UN Millennium project of 2005 similarly established ways in which rich countries could help poor countries. 2005 onwards, annual aid for health in the poor countries rapidly increased and so did their health status. Critics of the aid programs are causing harm to the poor countries. They are underestimating the effectiveness of aids to poor countries. Fact is that in a highly globalized environment of the present age, countries depend on each other. Poor countries depend on rich countries for assistance. Research statistics show that financial and medical aid programs are working effectively in resolving the issues of poor countries. Therefore, critics should not criticize these programs and let them be implemented effectively. This was a very informative article about the usefulness and status of aids in improving the conditions of the poor

Witch-hunt in Scottish society Speech or Presentation

Witch-hunt in Scottish society - Speech or Presentation Example As such, when a new team of leaders took office in the 1649-1650, whereby the new leader Kirk Party attempted to clean out all the sorcery and witchcraft within the society by making it a godly state, these witches faced total extermination (Davies & De Blecourt, 2004: P.150). Any witch identified within the society was brought to court for judgment, and killed through hanging if found guilty. He therefore ordered a continuous hunt for all witches, and those found faced judgment and prosecution at ad hoc courts (Dingwall, 2003: P.78). Most of these witches who found guilty died in the hands of their prosecutors. These ad hoc courts eliminated most f the witches found because they did not have any lawyers to defend them at these hearings. This was the Great Scottish Witch Hunt, which occurred between the periods of 1649-1650, consisting of a number of witch trials across the land of Scotland. This is among the five major witch-hunts identified within the country in the modern days of Scotland that recorded the largest volumes of executions within a single year (Ewan and Nugent, 2008: P.49). This paper covers the events that took place during this witch-hunt period, the effects of these events as well as the challenges and successes recorded at the culmination of these events. A number of resources deal with this topic on the witch-hunt period in Scotland (Goodare, 2002: P.15). However, most of them are not clear as to what exactly happened, i.e. not all of them give a clear account of events as they happened after the radical Kirk party took leadership and empowered the Presbyterians church leaders to hunt out for witches within the community and bring them to justice. This is because they felt these witches and wizards were the main cause of calamities and suffering within the community (Graham, 2008: P.160). One single author by the name Brian Levack produced a complete count of events on the witch-hunt period of the Scottish land, especially dealing with the concepts of law, religion and politics that in one way or another propelled these activities (Henderson, 2008: P.179). In addition, the author covers on some topics the reasons why witchcraft was so widespread in the society, as well as the effects of these black-magic activities on the land (Larner, 1981: P.32). However, there are other sources, though skeptical in a way, that cover the topics raised on witch-hunt in the Scottish land. These topics cover a few concepts on the occurrences during this period as well as put across a clear account on all events that occurred during the period (Levack, 2008: P.92). As such, it was very challenging to conduct this research especially because no single book, article, or journal covered conclusively all the events that took place during the Scottish witch-hunt (MacDonald, 1997: P.358). Most of these resources only provided sketchy topics on the events, or a particular opinion of an individual, which might not necessary portray the real fac tors the led to or caused the events under consideration (Notes and Comments, 2002: P.240). Furthermore, they do not provide the effects of these ad hoc court trials, especially since the accused did not get an opportunity to plead their case. They only chance they have to exonerate themselves from the accusations placed against them were to provide proof of their lack of participation in these activities (Toivo, 2008: P.67). However, this led to even more bloodshed in the society as these accused witches pointed out on their friends and other counterparts, which expanded the witch-hunt in Scotland (Whatley,

The Marketing Concept Essay Example for Free

The Marketing Concept Essay When one thinks about marketing, many different things come into mind; however, the actual definition of Marketing Concept is: â€Å"identifying consumer needs and then producing the goods or services that will satisfy them while making a profit for the organization.† (Gitman McDaniel, 2008) Basically, the marketing concept comes down to being able to offer the consumers something that they find valuable. Value is the key term that comes into play. The marketing concept consists of: 1. â€Å"Focusing on customer wants so the organization can distinguish its production from competitor’s offerings. † (Gitman McDaniel, 2008) 2. â€Å"Integrating all of the organization’s activities, including production, to satisfy these wants.† (Gitman McDaniel, 2008) 3. â€Å"Achieving long-term goals for the organization by satisfying customer wants and needs legally and responsibily.† (Gitman McDaniel, 2008) Many businesses from around the globe have already started to take advantage of this concept. From Disney’s Fast Pass to Enterprise Rent-A-Car, companies are adjusting their old business models and techniques in order to accommodate the needs and desires of their customers. This has enabled them to step above the competition and to set themselves apart from others in their industry. The marketing concept focuses on the above mentioned items for a reason, in order to increase the businesses’ bottom line and to satisfy their current customer bases, while drawing new customers because of their exceptional customer service model. References Gitman, L.J., McDaniel, C. (2008) The Future of Business: The Essentials; South-Western, Cengage Learning; Ohio.

Pork Unhealthy And Unsanitary For The Human Body Biology Essay

Pork Unhealthy And Unsanitary For The Human Body Biology Essay The consumption of pig meat has been characterized by a lot of controversy since time memorial. At the outset, different groups of people from different backgrounds have detested the use of pork as food for varied reasons including religious practices, health as well as sanitary concerns. Some people however continue to enjoy pork as a delicious meat with high nutritional value amid such controversies. It is noteworthy that despite its deliciousness, pork presents more harm than good to our general health hence unsuitable to consume. First and foremost, pork is always associated with a variety of biological diseases and worms. According to Russell (2006, 150) three out of six food-borne diseases in the US are caused by pork consumption. For instance, trichina worm is commonly found in pork and usually attack the muscles of the human heart upon consumption of affected pork. The worms have in the past proven fatal to the human health before the current attempts to identify pork with su ch worms had been initiated. Moreover, pork contains high levels of cholesterol and lipids which are harmful to the human health in many ways. Such accumulation of levels of lipids and cholesterol in the human body are associated with heart diseases such as heart attack and high blood pressure and should therefore be avoided at all cost. Besides, many consumers of pork diet have gained excessive weight and became obese in many countries given the fact that pork contains a lot of hormones, cholesterol as well as antibodies. Such individuals are prone to the diseases of the heart including heart thrombosis. On the religious grounds, pork is highly detested by the Muslim religious teachings and is cited as harmful to human health in many ways hence need to be avoided (Winzeler, 2008, 75). Finally, pig is naturally a dirty animal irrespective of how and where it is reared. It plays in filthy environments and eats dirty stuff including its excreta hence generally unhygienic. Pork-based diet has proven both harmful and unhygienic to the human body hence should be avoided at all cost. First and foremost, pigs are animals that are unhygienic by nature even when reared in clean environments. They trot in mud and other dirty and filthy environments in addition to eating unclean foods including rotting carcasses, dead insects, worms, excreta including their own, as well as garbage. As a result, pork-based diet may present harm to the human upon consumption especially when such pork is not well prepared. High sanitary standards should be upheld when handling and preparing such diets to avoid diseases that may be associated with such filth. Besides, pork is associated with a variety of worms and diseases that pose danger to the human health. Such dangers were not established in the twentieth century due to lack of technological tools to do so. Pigs nature to scavenge and feed on any kind of food predisposes them to a lot of illnesses compared to other animals. Illnesses such as influenza are transmitted to humans through consumption of affected pork (Nollet and Boylston, 170). This illness is mostly harbored in the animals lungs and may be transmitted to humans when the latter consumes such infected pork in foods such as sausage. Individuals who eat pork sausage are therefore susceptible to the aforementioned illness during its epidemics. Furthermore, when raw pork is undercooked or eaten raw then trichinosis is likely to occur. This is food poisoning through parasitic infestation of the pork. Trichina worm attacks pigs and settle in the animals lungs and is therefore likely to be transmitted to humans upon consumption of raw or poorly cooked pork. Such illnesses are prominent in countries like US and Canada where one out of six people has trichinosis from eating trichina worms and that the case fatality rate stands at 0.3% (Mead et al, 2010, ). Unfortunately enough, the symptoms of such illnesses are not noticeable during meat inspection and that many people are not informed of the symptoms. Additionally, pigs are cited to be the main carriers of tapeworm usually referred to as taenia solium. These worms are harbored by the animal in its flesh and may be transmitted to humans upon consumption of such pork. The worms therefore inhabit the human intestines initially but may spread to other vital and delicate organs the reby posing dangers to human health. For instance, the worm may cause loss of memory if it invades the brain. It may also cause heart attack as well as blindness if it invades heart and the eye respectively. Managing the effects of tapeworm may prove problematic at some stages because it is incurable at later stages. Pork consumption has been associated to the spread of salmonellosis in humans. Salmonella spp. has harmful effects on the health of humans upon its infestation in the body of the latter through consumption of affected pork. In Netherlands for instance, it is estimated that 15% (5-25%) of all cases of salmonellosis are associated with the consumption of pork. Good manufacturing practices are proposed as the remedy to the disease control. Pig meat is also known for its high fat and cholesterol content which are associated with a variety of harmful effects. To begin with, consumption of pork may lead to cases of obesity and gallstones given the high content of cholesterol as well as saturated fat. Cases of above average number of individuals suffering from obesity are prominent in countries where the consumption of pork is high. These countries include Germany and US among other wealthy nations. The high content of cholesterol and lipids in the pork diet is also associated with the excessive weight gained by the individuals consuming such diets. Such individuals are always prone to physical deformations as well as suffering other disorders affecting the joints such as arthritis. Their body weight is basically excessive to be supported by the joints hence the onset of aforementioned medical conditions. Moreover, the accumulation of fats and cholesterol on the walls of blood vessels expose the affected individuals to dis eases of the heart diseases. Such accumulation of fat reduces the area within the vessels designated for blood flow thereby forcing the blood to flow at high pressures. Consequently, the heart is overworked and heart related diseases such as heart attack and high blood pressure is inevitable. It is also worthy to note that pig meat contains a large quantity of growth hormones, antibodies as well as other compounds. Unlike other animals and human beings, pigs are known to produce higher levels of antibodies and growth hormones due to their unique biological structure. These hormones pass to the animals muscles and other tissues due to normal biological processes in the body. They therefore become threats to the human health when consumed in the pork. For instance, some growth hormones have been cited to promote inflammation of the human body when consumed (Nollet and Boylston, 170). Besides, pork is poised to contain excessive amounts of compounds such as imidazole as well as histamine which are also responsible for body irritation and inflammations. Other compounds such as sulphur are also contained in the pig meat. This compound usually found in the mesenchymal mucus of the animal and often associated with body swellings. Moreover, the deposits of such mucus on the carti lages and tendons may result into diseases including rheumatism as well as arthritis. Generally, the significant quantities of hormones, antibodies, lipids as well as cholesterol in the pig meat are poised to have serious threat to human health. The pigs poisonous nature is reflected in a variety of scenario. At the outset, pigs bodies are composed of toxins in addition to other diseases. Their fat and meat absorbs toxins through normal biological process. However, they are not in a position to get rid of the toxins easily out of their body. Biologically speaking, pigs neither sweat nor perspire unlike other mammals hence unable to eliminate toxins from their bodies (Nollet and Boylston, 170). It is through the process of perspiration and sweating that such poisonous substances are removed. Moreover, the poisonous nature of the aforementioned animal is affirmed by the inability of poisons such as strychnine to kill the animal. Besides, the animal is hardly killed by other poisons such as the snake venom. The pig meat is therefore cited as containing high percentage of toxins that can be harmful to the health of human beings upon consumption. Consumption of pig meat is also prohibited by the teachings of Islam religion. According to the religion, Allah has only forbidden people of carrion, pork as well as blood and what has been consecrated to other than Him (Winzeler, 2008, 75). However, the holy book of Quran provides that anyone forced to consume pork without his desire or going to excess in it has committed no crime before the Allah. Allah is ever-forgiving, most merciful (Quran, 2: 173). The holy book of Quran has also elaborated in not less than four instances, why Allah prohibits the consumption of pork. These provisions are contained in different places in the Quran including 6:145, 16:115, and 5:3 among other verses. Quran revealed such warnings on the possible harm of consuming pork as well as the other aforementioned food products almost fourteen centuries ago. However, people still eat pork despite the religious teachings, the physiological incompatibility of the food product with human body as well as harm ca used by consumption of pork. Pork is also forbidden in some books in the bible even though Christians are unaware of the teachings. For instance, the books of Leviticus and Deuteronomy prohibit the consumption of pork by human beings (Winzeler, 2008, 75). The bible says: And the swine, because it divides the hoof, yet does not chew the cud, it is unclean unto you: you shall not eat of their flesh, nor touch their dead carcass. Leviticus 11:7, 8; Deuteronomy 14:8. Individuals are sometimes motivated by their stomach and not scripture to claim that Christ abolished the rule prohibiting the consumption of pork. On the other hand, pig meat has beneficial aspects despite the world clamor to avoid consumption of the food product. It is currently the most consumed meat product in the world with less consumption rate in Muslim as well as Jewish strongholds (Nollet and Boylston, 170). First and foremost, pig meat is believed to contain a high degree of nutritional value. Pork is cited as containing high quality protein as well as low in natural salt content. Moreover, pork contains other vital nutrients required by the body including vitamins and minerals such as Zinc, Iron, phosphorus as well as selenium. The aforementioned nutrients present in the pork makes the meat product suitable for human health and wellbeing as well as being necessary for the healthy growth and development of the children. It is noteworthy that pig meat has varying fat contents in different body parts. The leanest parts contain more unsaturated than saturated fats. The pig meat producers are currently in a position to pro duce pork that is leaner due to the advancement in technology which makes it possible for the combination of genetics and other production techniques. Such pork contains small quantities of the heart protective n3 fatty acids that are required by the body. Currently, pig meat is produced in a manner that yields both fewer calories and less fat content. It is estimated that pigs yield pork loin with slightly above fifty two percent fewer calories as well as about seventy six percent less fat content. The advances in technology have also eliminated fears of various diseases such as trichinosis as the trichina worm can now be killed at temperatures of 137 degrees F. This is achievable through proper cooking of the meat product at recommended temperatures of one hundred and thirty six degrees F. Pigs may be seen as dirty animals due to the fact they trot and lie on mud as well as feed on dirty foodstuffs such as insects, garbage and rotten flesh. However, it is important to note that as mentioned above, pigs lack sweat glands and can not therefore sweat or perspire. Consequently, they lie on such wet grounds or on water to cool their body off. Besides, individuals should not cite religion as a reason for not consuming pork because irrespective of the religion, meat products just like pork are poisonous when poorly cooked or undercooked. Generally, pork is unclean for the human body and therefore should not be consumed. To begin with, pig meat is associated with a lot of illnesses emanating from the filthy environment and the dirty foodstuffs that the animal feeds on. Pigs also harbor such parasitic worms as taenia solium which may cause serious problems to human especially if they invade delicate organs such as brain and heart upon gaining entry into the body through consumption of pork. Other illnesses originate from the effects of consuming the animals flesh such as obesity and heart thrombosis which precipitated by the high cholesterol and saturated fat levels in pork. In a nutshell, pigs bodies contain a lot of poison, underlying diseases as well as worms. Pigs are also detested on religious grounds where both the Islam and Christian laws prohibit the consumption of pork on the basis of unhygienic nature of the animal and its meat for human consumption (Winzeler, 2008, 75). According to White (1998, 14) pig meat still remains the cause of intense human suffering in the world. Conclusion Despite its deliciousness as well as high nutritional value, pork continues to be detested by many people. The consumption of pig meat has raised hygiene as well as health concerns among those using the food product. Firstly, pig is associated with filth as it plays, sleeps and eats on mud and garbage thereby predisposing the animal to infections from worms compared to other animals. Illnesses such as Influenza emanate from such environments and are easily transmitted to human beings upon consumption of affected pork. Besides, pork is characterized by high cholesterol as well as fat content which are associated with several diseases and disorders in the human body. For instance, high saturated fat content and cholesterol levels are responsible for the onset of heart-related diseases including heart attack and high blood pressure. The fats coalesce on the inner walls of blood vessels thereby restricting blood flow hence high blood pressure results. This subjects the heart to strenuous work thereby predisposing it to heart attack. Pork is also detested on grounds of religious laws. Both the Christian and Islam teachings are against the consumption of pork for its unclean nature (Winzeler, 2008, 75). This is stipulated in Quran 2: 173 as well as in the bible in the books of Leviticus 11: 7, 8 and Deuteronomy 14: 8. However, pork still remains the most consumed meat product in the world given its delicious nature as well as high nutritional value. Pork has several vitamins and high quality proteins. Work cited: Mead, Paul et al .Food-Related Illness and Death in the United States. EID journal. Atlanta: Centers for disease Control and Prevention. 2010. Print. Retrieved on 18th Nov, 2010 at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol5no5/mead.htm Nollet, Leo Boylston, Terri. Handbook of meat, poultry and seafood quality. London: Wiley-Blackwell. 2007. Print. Russel, Rex. What the Bible Says About Healthy Living: Three Biblical Principles that Will Change Your Diet and Improve Your Health. Gospel Light. 2006. Print. White, Hellen. Disease and Its Causes. Washington: Health Research Books. 1998. Print. Winzeler, Robert. Anthropology and religion: what we know, think, and question. California: Rowman Altamira. 2008. Print.

Difference Between Gift Exchange and Market Transactions

Difference Between Gift Exchange and Market Transactions What is the difference between gift exchange and market transactions, and how do they both relate to gender relations? Introduction Karl Polanyi (1968), in his critique of the principles that underlie the formalist approach to economic analysis, attempted to define the tools by which the economies of ‘traditional’ societies could be analysed. Central to the substantivists’ claims was the understanding that the introduction of money destroyed indigenous social relations by introducing the notion of ‘equivalencies of value’ where none had previously existed. In this approach, the substantivists were following the legacy of Marcel Mauss,[1] who, in his seminal The Gift (1954), had argued that in contemporary and archaic societies as widespread as North America, Polynesia and Ancient Rome the assumptions of economic analysis, as used in explaining market transactions, were not relevant as these societies were gift economies. In this essay, I will first examine what Mauss meant by the term gift economies, before providing a contemporary example from the work of Usula Sharma (1984) who demonstrates how a gift exchange may be instrumental in the subordination of women. In the second section, I then look at market transactions and, by drawing on the work of Maria Mies (1998), I reveal the gendered nature of the market. In the conclusion, I problematise the division between ‘gift’ and ‘market’ economies, suggesting that both are weberian ‘ideal types’ and that neither is fully adequate to account for the complexity of both market transactions and gift exchanges, as both are deeply embedded in social relations and thus in relations of power. Gender and Gift Exchange Marcel Mauss argued that in contemporary western society we make a distinction between gift exchange and market transactions, and that in the west we presume the former to be free of obligations (Douglas in Mauss, 2000: vii). However, Mauss argued that the gift in fact entails an obligation to reciprocate[2] and thus creates ties between individuals and/ or groups. For Mauss, this form of economy differs from the ‘disinterested’ and ‘self-interested’ exchange of modern societies (Mauss, 2000: 75-6) and he believed that all economies were originally gift economies: ‘[t]he system that we propose to call the system of ‘total services’, from clan to clan [†¦] constitutes the most ancient system of economy and law [] forms the base from which the morality of the exchange-thorough-gift has flowed’ (Mauss, 2000: 70). An example of gift exchange is that of Northern India, and the Dowry system as described by Ursula Sharma (1984), compl ete with mutual obligations and the creation of lasting ties. Sharma describes a marriage system whereby the family of the bride must pay a dowry to the family of the groom, creating lasting ties between the two families, premised on the ability of the brides’ family to give: when they arrange the marriage of a son, parents do not just look forward to the dowry they will receive at the wedding. They look forward to the bride’s family’s general capacity to give (Sharma, 1984: 64). Although, if asked, most participants would describe the dowry as ‘freely given’ in fact behind the scenes ‘explicit bargaining’ takes place (Sharma, 1984: 64). In a society sharply divided, not only by gender but also by age and caste, control over what is given and what happens to these gifts once received is subject to division along lines of gender and age. Senior women in the household are responsible for ‘seeing that obligations are met and proper relations maintained’ (Sharma, 1984: 65), but when the gifts are of cash, then it is the senior men who are most in control (Sharma, 1984: 66). The ties created by the dowry may have severe consequences for the dis-empowered bride: ‘[d]owry favours and is favoured by a cultural ethos in which brides can be viewed as objects to be passed from one social group to another’, further, ‘in India the rapid inflation of dowries [†¦] has led to a situation in which brides are more controlled by than controllers of property’ (Sharma, 1984: 73). Finally, ‘dowry deaths’ may occur when the grooms’ family is disappointed with her dowry and hope to negotiate a better one for a second marriage (Sharma, 1984: 71). However, her powerlessness is eased by time, as she moves to being a ‘dowry-taker’ on the marriage of her sons (Sharma, 1984: 72). Thus, we can see that in the gift exchange lasting relationships are created, and that these relations are differentiated according to age and gender. Gender and Market Transactions In this section I examine the ‘market transaction’ through the work of Maria Mies (1998), revealing the gendered nature of the supposedly ‘disinterested’ market. In a market transaction, rather than the exchange of gifts which then creates lasting ties between people, it is presumed that in the exchange of commodities only a relationship between things is created: ‘the transactors are strangers in a state of reciprocal independence which persists after the transaction’ (Thomas, 1991: 14). Such an understanding is supported by our ‘common sense’ understandings of the different spheres of exchange: for example, Paul Bohannan (1968), in his discussion of the ‘spheres of exchange’ among the Tiv of Northern Nigeria, identifies a similar division in Tiv ideology between the ‘gift’ and ‘markets’. The former representing the formation and continuation of social relationships, while the later ‘cal ls up no long-term personal relationship, and which is therefore to be exploited to as great a degree as possible’ (Bohannan, 1968: 300); in this set of relationships, all items have an exchange equivalent. After all, when I exchange cash for a commodity I do not feel myself to be tied into a reciprocal relationship with the shopkeeper. However, Mies argues that rather than the formally free, atomistic individuals, engaged in disinterested exchange (Polanyi, 1968) of theoretical liberalism, and therefore of much economic thought, instead we find that actors are no less entwined in power relations than in the gift economies outlined above. Indeed, she argues that ‘the exploitative sexual division is the social paradigm upon which the international division of labour is built up’ (Mies, 1998: 4, emphasis added). First, many have debated the way in which the public sphere is dominated by men, but Mies argues that it is in fact the unpaid work of the housewife, of caring and nurturing within the domestic sphere (Mies, 1998: ix), or ‘women’s work’, that allows men to be free to enter the public realm (Mies, 1998: 31). Next, Mies argues that the ‘housewifization’ of labour[3] not only naturalizes women’s restriction to the private realm, but also means that her paid wor k is considered ‘only supplementary’ to that of her husband (Mies, 1998: ix): ‘[t]he process of proletarianization of the men was, therefore, accompanied by a process of housewifization of women’ (Mies, 1998: 69). Finally, Mies argues that third world women are valued by capitalism as producers due to their ‘nimble fingers’ and as they are ‘considered to be the most docile, manipulable labour force’ (Mies, 1998: 117): in short, due to ascribed gender stereotypes. The symbolic hierarchy of gender thus has material effects as women are placed in an economically vulnerable position and are concentrated in low paid, part-time employment: women and their children are the most economically disadvantaged group across the globe. Further, women are locked into an international division of labour whereby the ‘third world women produce not what they need, but what others [first world women] can buy’ (Mies, 1998: 118, original emp hasis). Thomson echoes this argument: ‘[e]veryone is now tied up in a historical network of global relations [] we are all caught up in international relations of production and appropriation which stretch across the spaces separating us’ (Thomas, 1991: 8-9) and this international relation of production is gendered. Conclusion Nicholas Thomas rejects Mauss’ argument that the economies of Melanesia and Polynesia can be regarded as ‘gift economies’, which are thus opposed to the market economies of Europe. He argues that this division misses the way that these ‘traditional’ economies are in fact deeply entangled with the global capitalist trade (Thomas, 1991: 4): ‘a wider range of evidence from indigenous Oceanic societies suggests that there is a broad continuum between systems in which it is possible to substitute only people for people, or food for food, and those in which a wide range of expansive conversions are permitted’ (Thomas, 1991: 4). Divisions, such as Mauss makes, between ‘gift exchange’ and ‘market transactions’ are part of the reification of difference between ‘us’ and ‘them’ (Thomas, 1991: 34), further, ‘the grand polarities almost always turn out to be implausible’ (Thomas, 1991: 2 7). Thomas argues that by scrutinising our concepts via the lens of gender we can reveal the theoretical flaws or weaknesses that we might otherwise miss (Thomas, 1991: 2) For Polanyi, the economic sphere as defined by the discipline of economics is based on a conflation of two distinct meanings: the ‘substantive’ and ‘formal’. ‘The formal meaning of economic derives from the logical character of the means-ends relationship [†¦] it refers to a definite situation of choice’ (Polanyi, 1968: 122), whereas in the substantive definition ‘the economy here is embodied in institutions that cause individual choices to give rise to interdependent movements that constitute the economic process’ (Polanyi, 1968: 125). In short, formal economics is based on the notion of formally free individuals, making rational economic decisions and which create no lasting ties, whereas substantive economics views all economies, whether regarded as gift economies or those based on market transaction, as embedded in social relations. Thomas concurs: ‘[e]xchange is always, in the first instance, a political process, o ne in which wider relationships are expressed’ (Thomas, 1991: 7) for exchange relationships are always differentiated by power (Thomas, 1991: 22), by race, class, gender and age. Thomas would not have us abandon the distinction between gift and commodity entirely (Thomas, 1991: 29), perhaps it would be better to view them as points along a continuum, with each ‘ideal’ type at the opposing ends but the majority of actual cases lying somewhere in between; further it is necessary that we recognise the coexistence of both types (Thomas, 1991: 33). Whether or not the introduction of money destroyed indigenous social relations, by introducing the ‘equivalencies of value’, as the substantavists claimed, the ties that are created by contemporary commodity exchange may be less evident, but Maria Mies reminds us that nonetheless the global division of labour links third world producers to first world consumers in an asymmetrical power relationship that makes a lie of the supposed disinterestedness of market transactions. Bibliography Bohannan, Paul (1968) ‘Some Principles of Exchange and Investment among the Tiv’, Economic Anthropology: Readings in Theory and Analysis, LeClair Schneider (Eds.), London: Holt, Rinehart Winston, pp 122 – 143. Levi-Strauss, Claude (1969 [1949]) ‘Nature and Culture’ ‘The Problem of Incest’, The Elementary Structure of Kinship, London: Eyre Spottiswoode, pp. 3-25. Mauss, Marcel (2000 [1954]) The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies, New York: W. W. Norton. Mies, Maria (1998 [1986]) Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale: Women in the International Division of Labour, London: Zed Books. Polanyi, Karl (1968 [1957]) ‘The Economy as Instituted Process’, in Economic Anthropology: Readings in Theory and Analysis, LeClair Schneider (Eds.), London: Holt, Rinehart Winston, Inc. pp 122 – 143. Sharma, Ursula (1984) ‘Dowry in North India: Its Consequences for Women’, Women and Property: Women as Property, Hirschon, R. (Ed.), London: Croom Helm, pp. 62-74. Thomas, Nicholas (1991) ‘Introduction’ and ‘Objects, Exchange, Anthropology’ in Entangled Objects: Exchange, Materialism and Colonialism in the Pacific, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, pp. 1-34. 1 Footnotes [1] As well as that of Bronislaw Malinowski, who in his influential (1922) Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea, (London: Routledge) closely described the Kula exchange of the Trobriand Islanders. [2] Levi Straus, following Mauss, argued that the exchange of women (exogamy) provided the basis for ties between different groups (Levi Strauss, 1969: 14) via the incest taboo (Levi Strauss, 1969: 9-10) and thus provided the basis for culture (Levi Strauss, 1969: 24-5). [3] The defining of women as homemakers, and then relying on this definition to characterise their work outside of the home (Mies, 1998).

Essay --

While viewing The Conversation I was struck by the quality sound design. As we previously watched Gravity weeks prior it became clear why a movie like that would need many sound engineers to balance all the special effects one would get in an IMAX theatre. However, this feature goes in depth about Harry who is a Bugger, one who records people’s conversations or sounds, such as a private investigator. His job is to record others conversations and not ask questions from his employer. To capture the reality and impact of a story, sound technicians must manipulate the dialogue with any background or source music to flow naturally. As audience members, we do not recognize the complexity and extreme measures sound editors go to in order to capture everyday sounds of background noises and/or to highlight specific aspects of the world the character may be experiencing with more focus. When I think of films with great sound design, I usually think of the action or adventure genres. Al though The Conversation is not an action film, it exudes a powerful sound design that is quite impressive. The sound is greater than you could expect, or maybe even notice, on an initial viewing. The storyline allows its main character, played by Gene Hackman, to act as an on-screen sound mixer. Through the film’s volume changes the sound perspectives within the diegetic space were interesting to follow through listening intently. The dramatic differences are between looking down a street or standing in the street. Such as when Harry is trying to take the bongo drums out of the recording so he can clearly hear the vocals of the two people he is recording with precision. When watching the film I saw that Walter Murch actually did some of the sound design on... ...t within the diegesis we hear music that exemplifies his state of mood. He vigorously searches his apartment in hopes to find the bug that they placed in his apartment that is mentioned in the phone call. The piano starts out slowly then speeds up as he breaks everything in the place to the point he would need to replace it. It then fades off with Harry sitting on the torn up floor with the piano at a medium pace and him playing the saxophone showing his disappoint that he was one upped by someone. Lastly, in today’s world The Conversation still serves as a contemporary cautionary tale. It reminds us how important sound designers are to the world of filmmaking or private investigators that must record sounds. In today’s films we have made a huge breakthrough with sound technologies such as Dolby Atmos, which can only get better with advancement in future updates.

Biography Of U.S. Representative Janice D. Schakowsky :: essays research papers

Biography of U.S. Representative Janice D. Schakowsky (D-IL) Jan Schakowsky was elected to represent Illinois’ 9th Congressional District on November 3, 1998, after serving for eight years in the Illinois State Assembly. The 9th Congressional District encompasses city and suburbs, including the North Lakeshore of hicago, Evanston, Skokie, Niles, Morton Grove and several Northwest Side neighborhoods.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A consumer and senior citizen advocate U.S. Representative Jan Schakowsky has fought throughout her career for economic and social improved life. She is support of universal health care coverage for all Americans, to investment in public education, and o seniors citizens, working families, and women issues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schakowsky is active in the campaign to give 39 million senior citizens and persons with disabilities access to affordable prescription drugs. Schakowsky is also working to ensure that seniors receive quality home, hospice, and nursing home care. In 1969 Schakowsky led the fight that put freshness dates on products sold in the supermarket, Schakowsky carries on that tradition in Congress. She introduced the Financial Consumers’ Bill of Rights Act, a comprehensive bill to put an end to ATM surch ges and exorbitant bank fees, and to deliver real financial privacy protections for consumers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In her first term in office, she was successful in including provisions in major legislation to expand housing opportunities for low-income people and to assist small business owners and farmers. She is an active member of the Congressional Human Right Caucus and is a champion of expanding our nations’ hate crime laws. Following the vicious hate crimes committed against her constituents and others over the 4th of July weekend in 1999, her bill condemning acts of hate was passed by the full House.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  She active in protecting children and putting an end to gun violence. In 1999, she organized the first national women’s forum on gun safety in Chicago and is working against the gun lobby to pass sensible gun safety measures that would save lives. Scha wsky also introduced major bills to increase federal assistance for abused women and children and to protect the rights of battered immigrant women. Schakowsky is working to deliver to the people of the 9th Congressional District superior services and a voice in congress when dealing with federal agencies. Representing one of the most diverse districts in the nation, Schakowsky immediately took on t Immigration and Naturalization Service on behalf of her constituents in order to bring to an end the agency’s culture of the â€Å"customer is always wrong. Biography Of U.S. Representative Janice D. Schakowsky :: essays research papers Biography of U.S. Representative Janice D. Schakowsky (D-IL) Jan Schakowsky was elected to represent Illinois’ 9th Congressional District on November 3, 1998, after serving for eight years in the Illinois State Assembly. The 9th Congressional District encompasses city and suburbs, including the North Lakeshore of hicago, Evanston, Skokie, Niles, Morton Grove and several Northwest Side neighborhoods.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A consumer and senior citizen advocate U.S. Representative Jan Schakowsky has fought throughout her career for economic and social improved life. She is support of universal health care coverage for all Americans, to investment in public education, and o seniors citizens, working families, and women issues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schakowsky is active in the campaign to give 39 million senior citizens and persons with disabilities access to affordable prescription drugs. Schakowsky is also working to ensure that seniors receive quality home, hospice, and nursing home care. In 1969 Schakowsky led the fight that put freshness dates on products sold in the supermarket, Schakowsky carries on that tradition in Congress. She introduced the Financial Consumers’ Bill of Rights Act, a comprehensive bill to put an end to ATM surch ges and exorbitant bank fees, and to deliver real financial privacy protections for consumers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In her first term in office, she was successful in including provisions in major legislation to expand housing opportunities for low-income people and to assist small business owners and farmers. She is an active member of the Congressional Human Right Caucus and is a champion of expanding our nations’ hate crime laws. Following the vicious hate crimes committed against her constituents and others over the 4th of July weekend in 1999, her bill condemning acts of hate was passed by the full House.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  She active in protecting children and putting an end to gun violence. In 1999, she organized the first national women’s forum on gun safety in Chicago and is working against the gun lobby to pass sensible gun safety measures that would save lives. Scha wsky also introduced major bills to increase federal assistance for abused women and children and to protect the rights of battered immigrant women. Schakowsky is working to deliver to the people of the 9th Congressional District superior services and a voice in congress when dealing with federal agencies. Representing one of the most diverse districts in the nation, Schakowsky immediately took on t Immigration and Naturalization Service on behalf of her constituents in order to bring to an end the agency’s culture of the â€Å"customer is always wrong.

Control and college students Essay

Locus of control refers to an individual’s perception about the underlying main causes of events in his or her life either in general or in specific are such as health or academics. This basically implies our thoughts control our actions, when this executive function of thinking is realized it positively affects our beliefs, motivation and academic performance. It can be internal where a person believes that they control themselves or external that they are controlled by their environment, some higher power or other people control them. If a person has an internal locus of control, that person attributes his success to his efforts and abilities. The development of locus of control stems from family, culture and the past experiences that leads to rewards. Most internals come from families that focused on efforts, education and responsibility. On the other hand eternal come from families of low social economic status where there is a lack of life control. Developing an external locus of control is an adaptive response to living in prolonged circumstances without control. Research has shown that people are likely to develop internal locus of control if they life in family environments characterized by warmth, protection and nurturance. It may not a surprise that people who have faced trauma or are living with right now have external locus of control. Locus of control influences the life of an individual in all aspects academically, socially and also financially. These are the determinants of the quality of life. Locus of control and college students Academically, a person who expects to pass will be motivated to learn; will seek in formation and likely to have good study habits and a positive academic attitude. A person with an external locus of control attributes his success to luck or fate and makes less effort to learn. He will experience anxiety because he believes he is not in control of his life. The students with an internal locus of control have better adjustments to college in term of academic achievement and social adjustment. This is caused by a strong inner being and the understanding that he has an upper hand in his life. They are able to live with people from all walks of life because they know what can affect them is the decisions they themselves make. They are not subject to the ideas of the multitudes they are able to put a clear distinction between what they want in life and what the society dictates to them (Njus & Brockway, 1999). A study found that college students with a high internal locus of control did well in distance learning. They enjoy learning situations that require a certain amount of independence from the learner. They are able to put effort in their studies because they believe they can make it no matter the situations they face. This inner drive and self confidence in these students motivates them to do even better though they have to work extra hard (Dille & Mezack, 1991). For students with an internal locus of control, they must attribute their success to their efforts. They have to develop an individualized learning plan that includes their goals and how to achieve them. It also contains a time frame and the outcome they expect. On the other hand students with an external locus control, they were likely to withdraw from their courses. They are also correlated with failure though it may not be very significant. These students need a lot of encouragement and guidance from the tutors. This makes their success a matter of combined efforts with the reluctance of the tutor these students face difficulties in finding success which is highly affected and threatened (Pugliese, 1994). Female college students are more inclined to take responsibility for failure. Male students tend to attribute their failure to external or unstable causes while the female attributes their failure to internal causes which appears to be an over simplification. Female students are fond of blaming themselves on issues of failure more compared to male students. This has been known to cause stress during exams and a lot of tension which affects their performance negatively. Male students have been found to associate their failure to lack of efforts more as compared to female students. Locus of control is highly associated with stress levels, emotional resilience and need for achievement. Locus of control cannot be separated from the ability to be embarrassed. Differences in embarrassment are highly determined by the locus of control. Embarrassment is a form of social anxiety that occurs when a person’s public identity in a particular situation is threatened. The individuals possessing an internal locus of control have a higher embarassability than those with an external locus. The individuals with internal locus of control take everything that happens to them upon themselves hence their failures are points of much embarrassments (Robinson 1991). Deeming control over events in ones life may not led to a superior lifestyle. When an individual tries to change a situation that is unchangeable it causes frustration, disappointment, and depression. When the forces from outside takes the control of behavior consequences, the most realistic and healthy approach is an external orientation (Hock, 2001). In the light of this matter people with an internal locus of control will feel they control the events that occur in their live. It is possible that the responsibility of controlling what happens will turn to guilt when undesirable situations arise. This will cause this individuals play there games cool and also be very careful with the decisions they make for the fear of being embarrassed (Hock, 2001). The students with an internal locus of control have high levels of personal responsibilities and are likely to experience many changes of interest. This will be due to fear of failure because mostly they never come in to terms with failure. As long as these individuals are internally motivated and convinced that whatever they want to engage in will make their ego or self esteem increase they will go for it. Out of a research it was found that internal locus of control positively relates to confidence, behavior intent and actual behavior concerning weight loss. If these individuals believe that smoking would their weight prohibiting weight gain, appetite change, and reduced weight they would opt to go for it (Holt, Clark, and Kreutzer, 2001). The internal focus of control and the family structure it also appears to be reasonable to believe that career goals and reasonable behavior are signs of adjustment. There is a reasoning that students who become leaders might aspire to more prestigious careers that might further testify to their psychological and social adjustment. The purpose of the study was also to address the question of the variables that are related to the leadership behavior which seems to clearly signify the adjustment. There was an assessment of independent and combined esteem of self esteem of focus control carrier goals leadership behavior and family structure. Those students who were identified being high in leadership potential seemed to be higher in self esteem. Had internal focus of control and would have more carrier aspirations and would have two biological parent family compared to those who had an external focus of control (Haworth & Iso-Ahola, 1997). Almost every college or university claims that their campus has a drinking problem. More police may be released during the evening hours so as to discourage drinking among students. Programs are implemented trying to teach students about safe ways to drink alcohol and to recognize alcohol related problems. In all these situations the campus and the students try to reduce the behavior of drinking. When discussing norms one should differentiate between descriptive norms and the inductive norms. The descriptive norms describe actual behavior e. g. the behavior of drinking alcoholic beverages. An inductive norm would represent approval of the drinking behavior. In 2003 Borsari and Bosari had conducted meta-analysis concerning the effects of inductive norms along with the normative norms in relation to drinking behaviors in college and any other discrepancies, which involves the differences in beliefs between self and judgments of others (Haworth & Iso-Ahola, 1997). Someone with an internal locus of control will most likely believe in working to be a good person so that they can reach a higher spiritual state. It has been seen that college students with high level of religiosity also have high academic achievements and are mostly those with in internal locus of control. Believing in the faith influences everyday life and perception of being a good student which has great implications to locus of control. External locus of control has been described as individuals attributing life events to luck, fate or external forces. In deed external locus of control has been found to correlate with belief in superstitious phenomena. Locus of control, optimism and self esteem are good indicators of well being. People with high internal locus of control tend to be happier and able to deal with life difficulties in a healthier way. People with low self esteem will tend to explain any success they have by attributing it to luck rather than their own abilities. While those with high self esteem will associate it to qualities within themselves. It can be attributed with the fact that they make decisions and they are ready to pay the cost for the consequences. The students with an internal locus of control are able to adjust to changes and can modify their way of life to suit the current environment to prevent the environment from dictating the outcome of their efforts. People with internal locus of control spend much time focusing in the positive things and can take risk to self disclosure. They will always appear confident and persuasive; they are very out spoken and have a lot of influence to the rest of the students. Their ideal seems always superior and they will force them into actions. They are more innovative in efforts to attain more fame out of their achievements. They are risk takers in all fields that can make them acquire fame and priority. They are focused and mostly have a very liberal way of life. They plan ahead mostly they appear stress free but they are highly affected by things fame and excellence but not other aspects of life (Haworth. John & Iso-Ahola. S (1997). Students with an external locus of control, because of locating their control outside themselves, those students with external locus control feel that they have less control over their fate. These college students tend to be more stressed and are prone to clinical depression. With internals they exhibit two essential characteristics which are the high achievement motivation and low-directedness. This basis of the locus of control was proposed by Rotter in 1966 (Baum, 1997). Rotter’s undimensionality has been challenged by Levension who argued that different dimensions of locus of control like the belief that events in ones life are self-determined are chance based and organized by others. Locus of control has impact upon smoking behavior among college students. A study indicated that, smokers who tend to resume smoking after are among college students who have external locus of control. Those students who persistently avoid cigarettes believe that they have a great power of control over their lives compared to those who resume smoking (Baum, 1997). Disability among the students can be associated to development of external locus of control. This is accelerated by impairment, where it affects individual’s ability to cope with daily activities. This implies those able to handle their daily activities can develop internal locus of control. Acknowledgement of their conditions and contentment with what the can achieve in their conditions builds an internal locus of control. This increases with appreciation and encouragement from the entire society. Locus of control has a lot of influences on sexual behaviors of college students. Individuals with external locus of control are more likely to involve themselves sin more risky sexual practices. Conclusion Academically, a person who expects to pass will be motivated to learn; will seek in formation and likely to have good study habits and a positive academic attitude. A person with an external locus of control attributes his success to luck or fate and makes less effort to learn. He will experience anxiety because he believes he is not in control of his life. The students with an internal locus of control have better adjustments to college in term of academic achievement and social adjustment. This is cause by a strong inner being and the understanding that he has an upper hand in his life. They are able to live with people from all walks of life because they know what can affect them is the decisions they themselves make (Viorst, 1999). Reference: Baum Andrew (1997): Cambridge Handbook of Psychology, Health and Medicine; ISBN 0521436869, Cambridge University Press. Dille, B. & Mezack, M. (1991): Identifying predictors of high risk among community college telecourse students. American Journal of Distance Education 5 (1), 24-35. Haworth. John & Iso-Ahola. S (1997): Work, Leisure and Well-being; ISBN 0415017033, Routledge. Hock, H. R. (2001): Forty Studies that Changed Psychology (4th ed). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Holt, C. L. , Clark, E. M. , & Kreuter, M. W. (2001): Weight locus of control and weightrelated attitudes and behaviors in an overweight population. Addictive Behaviors, 26, 329-340. Njus, D. M. & Brockway, J. H. (1999): Perceptions of competence and locus of control for positive and negative outcomes. Personality and Individual Differences 26, 531-548. Pugliese, R. R. (1994): Telecourse persistence and psychological variables. American Journal of Distance Education, 8 [3], 22-39. Robinson, J. P. (1991): Measure of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes. San Diego: Academic Press Viorst Judith (1999): Imperfect Control: Our Lifelong Struggles with Power and Surrender; ISBN 0684848147, Simon & Schuster.