A Good Man Is Hard To Find :: essays research papers fc

Views and Characters&9Flannery OConnor wrote the short story, "A Good spell is Hard to Find" in the hopes of portraying to the reader the racist views of the time many of the ideals possess "a kind of holy madness or beauty." (Kirszner 238). These be the words mentioned in Literature, and express the emotions that OConnor made the grandmother experience in the story. &9The story takes on a sort of irony passim to provide a comedic look at old values and traditions, displaying to the reader how we advance over time. The grandmother very ignorantly describes just how separate off-key and light dreary people were during the period"Oh look at the cute little pickaninny" she said and pointed to a Negro child standing in the door of a shack. "Wouldnt that make a picture, now?" she asked and they all turned and looked at the little Negro out of the back window. He waved.&9"He didnt have any britches on," June Star said."He probably didnt hav e any," the grandmother explained. "Little niggers in the country dont have things like we do."The language that is shown in this section of the story clearly demonstrates the difference between what is acceptable, and what is racist. OConnor clearly provides us that she never has the intent to be racist herself, but rather her characters, possibly an influence in her life, are to blame. The grandmother shows her politeness to June, but also shows her rudeness by describing the dark colored boy with such racist terms, providing the reader with a sense of the "holy madness" that resides within her. The story contains eleven characters, of which only one illustrates her lack of advance together and recognizing everyone as a whole, rather than as separate races. Despite the obvious difference in language barriers, the grandmother does reflect a loco side"Two fellers come in here last week," Red Sammy said, "driving a Chrysler. It was a old beat-up car but it was a good one and these boys looked all right to me. Said they worked at the mill and you know I let them fellers charge the gas they bought? Now why did I do that?""Because youre a good man" the grandmother said at once.Of notable importance, the name Sam means to listen, or to hear, supporting the event of racial differences. (Babycenter) This could be the explanation why the characters, Sam and the grandmother, have the most polite conversation in the entire short story.

cheats :: essays research papers

110,000 Credits In 30 MinutesBuy a Toyota Integra Type-R and upgrade it to the maximum. Now go to the Type-R meeting in the begginer leauge. Do the series race (5 races) and you get 5,000 for every race and 10,000 at the end. 35,000 already Now you get an Acura worth 75,000. Sell this and you have gained 110,000 credits in 30 minutes. Easy money75% completionComplete 75% of the impale and you will be rewarded with a Mazda 787B.Accelerate fasterIf your gears are in robotlike then hold R1 when you start to move and wait to the Rev gets to the Red bit and release ( You must release it - otherwise the car wont dislodge gear )All Japanese GT Championship prize (Amateur League)Win the All Japanese GT Championship in the Amateur League to unlock the Honda Arta NSX JGTC and Denso Supra extend Car. Altezza Championship Race prize (Amateur League)Win the Altezza Championship Race in the Amateur League to unlock Toms X540 Chaser and Toyota Vitz RS 1.5. Best way to start the gameYour first car should be the PT cruiser, then save up and buy a chevrolet camaro SS, then buy a Toyota Supra. Save up and in full tune it, it will have more or less 1000bhp Then make sure you have the IA license and enter the super speedway endurance race. This will take around an hour, it will then win you a F1 car and 200000cr The F1 car can enter and easily win most races. Be warned though because you may not win the F1 car first time round, but both times I have tried, I did.Bonus tracksComplete each tier of tracks in arcade mode on any difficulty setting to unlock the next tier of tracks Tier 1 Super Speedway, Midfield cut, Smokey Mountain, Swiss Alps, Trial Mountain, Midfield Raceway II. Tier 2 Smokey Mountain II, Tokyo R246, Grand Valley Speedway, Laguna Seca Raceway, Rome Circuit, Tahiti Circuit. Tier 3 Swiss Alps II, Trial Mountain II, thickheaded Forest Raceway II, Special Stage Route 5, Seattle Circuit, Test Course.Corvette C5RSimply beat 50% of the simulation game and youll be given a Corvette C5R.CorvetteZo6 with 793 horsepowerIts not really a cheat, but its a hint. Buy a CorvetteZo6 for $54,000, and upgrade it to the maximum. Then youre ready to go.Deutsche Tourenwagen Challenge prize (Amateur League)Win the Deutsche Tourenwagen Challenge in the Amateur League to unlock the Volkswagen Lupo Cup Car, Volkswagen Beetle Cup Racer, Astra Touring Car, and RUF 3400S.

Therapies for Leukemia Patients Essay -- Leukemia

Executive SummaryTwo promising therapies for leukemia patients are bone marrow transplantation andperipheral stem cellular telephone transplantation. Successful transplants require that two immunologic barriersbe overcome a host-versus-graft (HVG) reaction and a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction. Amyeloablative conditioning regimen, which involves a depletion of the patients resistive system,usually precedes the transplantation of donor stem cells to control the HVG. However, twentyfiveto 35% of patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation experience life-threateningtransplant-related complications (Holler 1990). Serum tumor necrosis grammatical constituent (TNF)-_ levels areelevated prior to these complications and are indicative of future problems, such as rejection,graft-versus-host disease, interstitial pneumonitis, endothelial leakage syndrome, and venoocclusivedisease (Remberger 1994).As a result, umteen patients who are at high risk for these complications, including pat ientsover 55 years old, patients with poor overall health, and children, are turned down for stem celltransplantation. In the mid-1990s, a regimen was developed that uses non-myeloablativeconditioning. In this procedure, the immune system of the recipient is not totally depleted, whichcreates a tolerable regimen for those high risk patients.This take in will compare the relative toxicity of myeloablative allogenic peripheralblood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) and non-myeloablative PBSCT. This will involvecollecting patient serum samples at various time intervals during treatment. The samples will beevaluated for TNF-a concentrations using the ELISA technique. The data will then be used todetermine the toxicity of each regimen.This domain will p... ...ne response.MacKay I, Rosen F The Immune System. NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2000343 108-117. This is the second part of the review article on immunology. It describeslymphocytes and lymphoid tissue, molecular aspects of the immune response, the energizing andregulation of lymphocytes, immune protection by antibodies and immunologic technology.Tanaka J, Imamura M, Kasai M, et al The important balance between cytokines derived from theatrical role 1 and type 2 helper T cells in the control of graft-versus-host disease. BONE MARROWTRANSPLANTATION 1997 19 571-576. This article assesses the cytokine network aftertransplantation, and its connection to graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). It looks at the balancebetween type 1 (Th1) and type 2 (Th2) helper T cells, and concludes that severe GVHD may berelated to a cytokine imbalance between the helper cells.

Counterculture Essay -- Culture Cultural Movements Sixties 60s Papers

Counter civilizationFor the first time in American history, a large population of people of all ages, classes, and races came together to challenge the conventional institutions, traditional values in society, and the establishment in gen date of referencel. Youth, women, ethnic minorities, environmentalists, migrant workers and other(a)s caused the growing of the counter culture. This cultural action from 1960 to 1973 was caused by many an(prenominal) factors. This era was unmatchable that was filled with many important events that shaped the focusing that Americans viewed life. Those who were unhappy with what was going on around them and took part in this social phenomenon reflected and demonstrated their attitudes, values, and ideals in many ways. Various things from protests to songs expressed their views and made their point get across to America. This cultural movement had a profound preserve on society. It had both beneficial and prejudicious effects on the so ciety. As we look back on the sixties, it was one of the intimately important decades because it accomplished so many important things.The sixties was an era that was filled with so many important events that caused people to become actively touch in challenging the structure of American society and taking a stand. Civil rights was one of the most important issues. African Americans were button up treated unevenly although the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments were supposed to grant them equality. Separate but equal wasnt teeming for most people. Incidents where African Americans were denied rights caused much rebellion. When Rosa Parks was ordered to give up her seat on the bus to a white person, Montgomerys black biotic community boycotted the buses. These incidents became more(prenominal) frequent and more people took... ...ew the society and take action. The actions of women, youth, African Americans, environmentalists and other caused the emergence of the counter cu lture that had such a profound impact on society. Although there were many different factors causing the surfacing of the counter culture and many different methods to challenge the traditional society, the goals of all of the groups were the same. They all valued some form of change and change was what they got in return for their actions. Although women are still paid less than men, and there are still many more whites than blacks in government positions, the sixties was an era of progress. The counter culture has paved the way for American society today and created a country that allows and accepts free panorama and doesnt frown down upon those who challenge the long-established society values and institutions. Counterculture Essay -- Culture Cultural Movements Sixties 60s PapersCountercultureFor the first time in American history, a large population of people of all ages, classes, and races came together to challenge the traditional institutions, traditiona l values in society, and the establishment in general. Youth, women, ethnic minorities, environmentalists, migrant workers and others caused the emergence of the counter culture. This cultural movement from 1960 to 1973 was caused by many factors. This era was one that was filled with many important events that shaped the way that Americans viewed life. Those who were unhappy with what was going on around them and took part in this social phenomenon reflected and demonstrated their attitudes, values, and ideals in many ways. Various things from protests to songs expressed their views and made their point get across to America. This cultural movement had a profound impact on society. It had both beneficial and detrimental effects on the society. As we look back on the sixties, it was one of the most important decades because it accomplished so many important things.The sixties was an era that was filled with so many important events that caused people to become actively invol ved in challenging the structure of American society and taking a stand. Civil rights was one of the most important issues. African Americans were still treated unequally although the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments were supposed to grant them equality. Separate but equal wasnt enough for most people. Incidents where African Americans were denied rights caused much rebellion. When Rosa Parks was ordered to give up her seat on the bus to a white person, Montgomerys black community boycotted the buses. These incidents became more frequent and more people took... ...ew the society and take action. The actions of women, youth, African Americans, environmentalists and other caused the emergence of the counter culture that had such a profound impact on society. Although there were many different factors causing the surfacing of the counter culture and many different methods to challenge the traditional society, the goals of all of the groups were the same. They all wanted some fo rm of change and change was what they got in return for their actions. Although women are still paid less than men, and there are still many more whites than blacks in government positions, the sixties was an era of progress. The counter culture has paved the way for American society today and created a country that allows and accepts free expression and doesnt frown down upon those who challenge the long-established society values and institutions.

Child Abuse and Neglect :: Violence Against Children

There rent been various studies based on sisterhood knowledgeable abuse and relationships in heavy(a)hood. There have been studies that had shown that fivefold maltreatment and loss experiences in youngsterhood interfered with the formation of secure attachments that created self-aggrandizing problems in self and social functioning. Childhood maltreatment showed there was poor adult self-functioning in the form of higher levels of depression and lower levels of self-esteem. Self blame in response to childhood sexual abuse and maltreatment in adult relationships also predicted poorer adult self and social functioning for individuals with childhood sexual abuse.A study by Gerard McCarthy and Alan Taylor have shown that abusive childhood experiences are joined to difficulties in establishing supportive cohabiting relationships during adulthood. Their study aims to identify specific psychological factors mediating links between child abuse and adverse adult psychological functio ning. Participants who had experienced child abuse were more likely to experience difficulties in adult love relationships, but self-esteem and relationship attributions were not found to be linked to child abuse.The most common effect of childhood sexual abuse during adulthood for women is rage. A study by Susan G. Painter and Carol C. Howell studied womens sexual practice after childhood sexual abuse. Researchers in this particular study interviewed women who expressed raged through their sexuality. Results indicated that rage and maladaptive behaviors are learned in childhood and draw over to adult relationships. Although anger is common in the abused female, it is frequently pushed into unconscious at the time of the abuse. When the abused becomes aware of her anger, it has become rage. Women who were sexually abused as children grow up repressing anger as a result they may enter adulthood totally unaware of the rage that lies at heart them. Researchers (Draucker, 1996 Maltz , 1991) reported that childhood sexual abuse may cause negative attitudes about touch and sex that result in troublesome reactions to adult sex. many a(prenominal) incest survivors had struggle with their abuse unaided, and that number of those who are in prisons, mental institutions, or working in prostitution have been influenced by a history of sexual abuse. Those who have been most affected by such abuse may be unable to verbalize their pain and anger. Child sexual abuse is a violation that affects every aspect of a childs life. Trusting relationships may be brought into question for a child once sexual boundaries have been violated.The sexually abused child experiences a pervasive anxiety that cannot be relieved by the usual self-comforting behaviors of children.

Child Abuse and Neglect :: Violence Against Children

There have been various studies based on electric razorhood sexual abuse and relationships in adulthood. There have been studies that had shown that multiple maltreatment and loss experiences in childhood interfered with the formation of secure attachments that created adult problems in egotism and social functioning. Childhood maltreatment showed there was poor adult self-functioning in the form of higher levels of depression and lower levels of vanity. Self blame in receipt to childhood sexual abuse and maltreatment in adult relationships also predicted poorer adult self and social functioning for individuals with childhood sexual abuse.A discover by Gerard McCarthy and Alan Taylor have shown that abusive childhood experiences are linked to difficulties in establishing supportive cohabiting relationships during adulthood. Their need aims to identify specific psychological factors mediating links between child abuse and adverse adult psychological functioning. Participants w ho had experienced child abuse were more likely to experience difficulties in adult love relationships, but self-esteem and relationship attributions were not found to be linked to child abuse.The most common effect of childhood sexual abuse during adulthood for women is mania. A study by Susan G. Painter and Carol C. Howell studied womens sexuality after childhood sexual abuse. Researchers in this particular study interviewed women who expressed raged through their sexuality. Results indicated that rage and maladaptive behaviors are learned in childhood and carry over to adult relationships. Although anger is common in the abused female, it is frequently pushed into unconscious at the time of the abuse. When the abused becomes aware of her anger, it has become rage. Women who were sexually abused as children grow up repressing anger as a result they whitethorn enter adulthood totally unaware of the rage that lies within them. Researchers (Draucker, 1996 Maltz, 1991) reported that childhood sexual abuse may cause negative attitudes about fulfill and sex that result in troublesome reactions to adult sex. Many incest survivors had struggle with their abuse unaided, and that number of those who are in prisons, mental institutions, or working in prostitution have been influenced by a history of sexual abuse. Those who have been most affected by such abuse may be unable to verbalize their pain and anger. Child sexual abuse is a violation that affects every aspect of a childs life. Trusting relationships may be brought into question for a child once sexual boundaries have been violated.The sexually abused child experiences a pervasive anxiety that cannot be relieved by the usual self-comforting behaviors of children.

Attachment Theory Essay

In this essay I have selected 3 different theories, which will focus on homosexual growth development theories, I will show up my understanding of each theory and explain the psychological disturbances which are linked to each one and demonstrate how these theory can be off use to the exponent in therapy.John Bowbly (1969) and Mary Ainsworths (1974) known, as the mother and father of attachment theory both became key figures in contributing to child development, with their ideas of soulality development, together they changed the views of childcare practice and how mothers, reared their children, his views greatly influenced society, by identifying that a child first relationship was genuinely important as this would effect them for the rest of their lives. Bowlby (1969) and Ainsworth (19740 depict Attachment as a deep, and enduring bond that connects one person to another across succession and space. (Ainsworth, 1976 Bowbly, 1969),The development of attachment over the last 5 0 years has also benefited practitioners , nurses parents as it has given them a useful insight into interpersonal relationships and the understanding that consort negative experiences with care bestowers is damaging to a childens emotional and psychological well being.Attachment theory has been proven to be very effective method used in psychotherapy because it is a very useful tool for counsellors, as it helps the counsellor to focus on relevant information and tells them what to look for descriptions of characteristics and can predict trustworthy demeanor in certain settings, This theory can also help to identify problems and it can help to assist clients in effective modification of their behaviour , thoughts, how you react emotionally to things and events and interpersonal relations as it serves as a foundation for understanding the development of ineffective coping strategies and the underlying dynamics of the person emotional difficulties,Bowbly,(1907) was the first psych ologist to draw on ethology concepts from animals and applied the same principle to humans ,The important focus of his workwas establish on the focus of attachment, and the effect of separation and loss, he proposed that all babies were born with a inborn instinct to connect with their parents and maintain close proximity to enhance survival to ensure reproduction.based on extensive research Bowblys (1969) suggested that if human failed to attached to their care give between the ages of 6-2 years they would not develop emotionally or psychology wakeless whilst they continued to grow which would effect them later on in life, Bowbly (1969),also stated to make human development possible the infant and the young child should experient a warm intimate and continues with their parental figure , he posed that a mother should be able to be in tune with their childs require and respond apprioaraly as failure to do, could have devasting effect later for the child (bowlby 1951 p.13( david wallen)Bowbly(1969) attachment theoy implies that it is the way in which the child was handled by their primary care giver that helps to form the child personality, he proposed that this is how the child develops their internal working model, which can be positive or negative which helps then to relate to other in the world as they grow older. Bowlby 1969) described these attachment behaviours, as a insure attachment, insecure attachment and disorganised attachment , he stated that children slackly displayed protest, despair or detachment when separated from their parents,Mary Ainsworth (1997), a psychologist, that was a student of Bowlbys (1969), later expanded and tested his idea, whereby she took part in her own trial-and-error study called the strange situation, whereby she proved Bowlbys(1974) attachment theory correct alongside some new concepts of her own, after carrying out her study in America and Uganda on babies from 12-18mths that were separated from their mothers fo r 3 minutes, based on her findings, she proposed that there was four different types of attachment behaviour that the infant displayed their fore classified four different categories, (expand) secure attachment , anxious -avoidant and anxious ambivalent, and disorganised attachment.Ainsworth (1974) findings revealed that children that fell into the secure attachment category were raised by sensitive mothers that responded promptly to their child needs, the mothers day in day out responseness had given them faith in her as a protector (ainsworth1974) p.g 55 concepts and application). mothers that fell into the avoidant category were reported to be inhibited in expressing or showing any comfort or emotions to their children, their fore is seen as not ready and available for the child, mothers that fall in the ambulant category were described as unpredictable and occasionally available, and the child as either passive or angry.as a result of parenting. and finally a mother from the di sorganised attachment, main prosed that infant disorganisation is the outcome not only of interaction with parents whose anger and abuse is self evidently frightened (main&hesse 1912)This theory can help the counsellor to become aware of all the different types of anxieties and disorders that their clients may be facing theory it serves as a map, which offers insights into different types of relationships , effective coping strategies and the underlying dynamics of the persons emotional difficulties , it also helps the counsellor to understand the strategies that many individuals use to get their unmet needs met which sometimes result in them becoming more distressed than beforeconclusionSymond Freud, John Bowbly and erik Erikson all belonged to the same school of thoughts and studied human growth and development pschology for many years and have all contributed different ideas in regards to child development.

Impact of Technology Essay

The unprecedented advancement in materialistic technology is setting consistently a wall of high genial affluence-which is inhibiting the parameters to show up in road to development.The rapid advancement in technology is directly proportional to the proliferating population of our very planet.People taking assistance of new-fangled technology is significantly increasing at the moment.Now,we have already entered the era whither electricity is indispensible.To lead a normal life in modern days,the fuel-electricity and the machine-technology should be present simultaneously daily. Core reasons behind prioritizing modern education are too obvious to belabor-when it comes to development of a people.Education is the ultimate wall of a nation building heavenward.The use of different technology in in heretofores is now on the brink of becoming a fundamental necessity when starting a school anywhere.The vitality of technology in education is becoming more vivid in society contributing t o the technology enterprises that are minting colossal deal of gold through education.The new millennium has provided the medium where the technology and education have intersected and synthesized the now popular modern education.The technology giants of the world are enlarging their establishments here in India knowing the fact that India holds the supremacy in the field of future of technology.Moreover,according to a recent article in Forbes India,it has stated that one third of Indian population is under the tender age of 14.We might wonder now,how much pressure do the inquisitive preteen minds are exerting on education that is still limited to only a certain part of the population.The government is screening to reach as much of population possible but there are still millions of children who arent able to avail the facility of schools and proper education.The central government allocated about 42,036crores for both schools and higher education sectors in the year 2010 which g rew to 52,057crores suffer year according to Wikipedia. Pro-education culture is grasping the minds of people everywhere in such a significant fashion due to development.But The World Bank in 2o11 stated that,32.7% of Indian population still falls below the global poverty line that is 1.25 dollars income per day.what about them? The enormous sum of money spent in education still is scanty due to the large population of mother India.As per the CBSE,India still has a shortfall of about 200,000 schools.So,we can analyze that,due to the scanty economic capital,the no. of schools dramatically lag the actual demand.Not only economy is affecting the status quo of education but as well as the number of human resources who are educating the young citizens. Now talking about the existing schools,all of them are doing a marvelous job in imparting knowledge in young minds but I think that there are still many limitations of the classroom education.Architectural infrastructure of classrooms i snt a big deal but what really matters is the education provided in classrooms.The biggest drawback of the classroom education is that,the students involved in learning are only exposed to the knowledge and ideas of limited faculty whereas in world,there are millions of brilliant minds.Second drawback is that,so as to set up a basic school,materialistic facility and human resource are must-present fundamental requirements.This makes education unavailable in rural areas spread crosswise the vast geographical diversity in nation such as India.Now,what is the best way to tackle the problems hovering the present,regarding education?I strongly feel that cyberspace is the ultimate medium through which education should be made possible so as to reach far and beyond.Internet is a bottomless reservoir of education and this invention of mankind has made the physical barriers and distances so small.What is most extraordinary about the internetIt is constantly updated within short span of tim e.This leads to exposure of our mind to the latest information on topics of our own interest.As internet effortlessly seems to make our information obsolete every now and then,we also can access the information on web without difficulties. The telecommunication technology is rising everywhere.In India,according to Joshua Kims recent article featured in Forbes India,he has said that there are over 850million mobile subscribers in India and the number of subscribers is growing at the amazing rate of 10 million per month.From the particular growth in mobile phone users,we can naturally take stock the future of internet accessibility.The increase in mobile phones naturally accelerates the growth of telecommunication technology.As the mobile phones will be easily available,there surely will be a time where the internet connection will be among the default features of the phones.As the access to internet will get better and easier in times to come,they would aim an indispensible part o f our future lives. Using internet,we can connect with the world without difficulties.The effects of telecommunication technology on education system are best to be said limitless.Till now,collaboration of different universities from different parts of the world hasnt been a widespread approach for sharing knowledge.This was due to the fact of great physical distances and also due to being unaware about each others existence. Collaboration is the only way to complete each others privation and make education wholesome. Bringing Harvard,MIT and all other top universities to India is only through internet.If not internationally,collaboration can be done within our nation itself.If we try to amass all the knowledge of the contemporary human resources and make it digitally available,then surely,we can check the lack of human resources at a large extend.A live lecture on diseases in Delhi broadcasted in seven rural towns in Maharashtraimagine the benefits Now the prob

Alex Pardee

Alex Pardee Born and raised in Antioch, California, Alex Pardee is an up and coming artist who is breaking down many figurative aesthetic barriers. With a drift molded from years of horror movies, comic books, old school gangster rap, and severe depression and anxiety, Alexs style is simultaneously horrific and fascinating. Alexs make out within himself had a positive outcome that he intends to share with anyone with an open mind, eyes, and ears. At the age of 14, Alex was diagnosed with anxiety and depression.He was hospitalized for months, growing restless as the doctors tried to align the right combination of pills to make him back to normal. However, pills and therapy werent the treatment Alex needed. To keep himself busy during his days at the hospital, he drew to pass the time. His drawings became more puzzle out and twisted as the number of days he spent behind white doors built up. When he was released, there was no turning back. As a child, Alex enjoyed newspaper comics . He and his sister would trace the comics and add their own captions.Alex Pardee has always been drawn (no pun intended) to different art, whether it be old movies like The Dark vitreous silica and Star Wars, graffiti, skateboard art, or the likes of Strawberry Shortcake. The first twisted comic that captured his interest was The Maxx, created by Sam Keith. Before he found The Maxx, he neer took a liking to comic books, thinking they were all superhero nonsense. This dark, untidy comic about the tragic happenings of a teenage girl changed his view of the comic diligence as a whole and godlike his own twisted, powerful, unkempt style.As far as education, Alex has no art degrees of any sort under his belt. When he was a kid, he wanted to be Bobo Fett. But, during high school, his dream was actually to attend film school, but that dream remained dormant due to his extremely introverted personality. The perspective of social interactions during projects prevented him from pursuing that career. He chose art because he knew he could easily do that from the comfort and safety of his own home. What inspires you? is the most common and hated forefront that Alex is asked.The possibilities of that answer are always so complex and hard to materialize that he often gives simple answers that leave inquirers unsatisfied. To simplify the near novel-length answer, at 2 it was Star Wars. At four it was Disneyland. At six it was my parents. At nine it was Garbage Pail Kids. At 14 it was Robocop. At 15 it was The Maxx. At 16 it was Street Fighter. At 17 it was graffiti. At 20 it was the discovery of zines and self-publishing. At 21 it was Photoshop. At 22 it was Half-Life. At 23 it was painting. At 25 it was screen-printing.At 26 it was Aqua Teen Hunger Forceand Adult Swim. At 30 it was Zerofriends. At 35 it was Chloe (his girlfriend). Alex Pardee began with small drawings on scratch paper or in notebooks. at once his skills and techniques improved, he made photocopies of his sketches and rough copies of his books and began spreading them like wildfire around his town. Copies were strewn about waiting rooms, public restrooms, magazines, newspapers, and anywhere else he could think of putting them with the hopes that someone would substantiate his talent and efforts.This continued until 1999, when a handful of other artists encouraged him to have his books professionally printed. To pay for printing expenses, he got a job at a toy store. He had the job for nine years and maintained a steady love/hate relationship throughout. In the first year at his toy store occupation, Alex released his first book, My Book of Colors. After the release, he began devoting all his time, blood, sweat, and tears into his skyrocketing career. Since then, he has released the book series Bunnywith and The Secrets of Hollywood.These releases branched out into calendars, clothing, posters, plush dolls, figurines, and three-fold art exhibits. He is a member of the art gr oups Cardboard City and Zerofriends, which recently opened their own store in San Francisco, California. Alex has done artwork for the bands The Used, Aiden, In Flames, and Cage. His artwork for The Useds album In Love and Death depicted a signature Pardee character named Chadam, whose story was made into a Warner Bros trivial film. He also did design and artwork for the movie Sucker Punch. Alex Pardees horrifically moving artwork has captured the interest of many around the world.His unique style has inspired that of many upcoming artists to create equally disturbing and fantastic pieces. Not only does he have thousands of sketches, paintings, and short stories to shed light on the warp convolutions of his mind, but he has a less than perfect back story and wicked sense of sarcasm to verify it. Thats all part of what makes him so fascinating. An intelligent and talented man, Alex Pardee is an icon of persistence and individuality for thousands upon thousands of aspiring artists a nd seemingly lost inhabitants of Earth.

Drone Usage in War-Time Tactics Essay

Since the introduction of dr iodines in warfare, the NY Times claims that the CIA claim non committed one civilian fatality, while allowing the troop death rate to decrease dramatically. During the constant bettering of machinery through unwrap the world, the use of engine room has come to a halt when it comes to an un wee aerial vehicle. late proving to be more reliable than the average pilot, in the courses progressing new found respect has been shown by doubting militaries. In a HALE UAV denomination written by Carlos Reyes he states that drones can fly up to 60,000 feet, being able to steadily winds at 15 mph comp bed to 50 mph winds at 40,000 feet.(Reyes) and are able to outdo a pilot by almost 10,000 feet, due to the -75 degree weather.Portrayed by the US State Department as drones being useless, the use of drones has relentlessly grown to underestimated levels. A drone is classified as being a UAV that is able to be controlled and sustain flight for numerous amounts of time, by a remote control. The art of flying an beleaguering airplane remotely has made a strong peace appeal to not only the military but the citizens of the join States as well. By allowing the use of Drones in war time tactics, the innovation through this technological leap go out inspection and repair decrease in civilian deaths as well as increase in terrorist fatalities.Historically, the first of all time drone was utilize in the shit of a balloon, back during the American Civil War and was aimed to land in the ammo depot and destroy every ammunition around. While the first ever (shooting) drone used in the military was back in 1960, where its main objective was to destroy. The Russians were proven to be the cause of this revolution. They had shot down a man spy craft vehicle, without any firearms attached, patrolling the Russian border. Quickly upgrading in technology, showed to be vital in the way war was thought out and conducted.One subsonic Target created in 1951 a nd that is still used today, is the Firebee. The USAF (United States Air Force) required a UAV that was a jet powered aerial target that was able to be used from ground air as well as air air combat. The primary objective of the Firebee was to simulate tactical threats by foeman aircraft and missiles for falsification readiness training, air-to-air combat training and the development and evaluation of weapon systems. This is explaining that these UAVs were used as test dummies for practice, but also helped better technology of other weapons.Since the beginning of UAVs, thither have been multiple advances not only in the way they are operated but as well in what they are capable of doing. With a variety of drones used now days, they have different classifications. There are ones from Reconnaissance drones (used for battlefield intelligence) to Combatant Drones (that provide attack capabilities in high risk situations). The use of all these various aircraft systems is to work toge ther, to provide air support to the troops on the ground while eliminating the chance of a pilot dying. Using an article from the Chicago Sun-Times states that Anwar al-Awlaki was followed by two United States predator drones, who watched him get into his vehicle and soon launched three hellfire missiles that obliterated him, explaining that no American was present during the attack. (March)These drones are capable of eliminating any target as well as spying on anything for long periods of time. With the use of drones in war it can ultimately reduce any battle fatigue felt by a pilot, reduce the cost of projecting power, and are able to deem more precise force (Henning)Opposing the use of drones in war and using manned aircrafts, increases the actuality of killing an opposing target (any civilian) rather than hitting the mean target. Used as the main defense to their view, manned aircraft supporters claim that drones are taking away the number of lineage in the United States. Thi s proves that the average somebody is showing to be clueless in the field of technology. While drones do take away a numerous amount of jobs, they also increase the job availability by almost triple what they took out. As stated later in my paper, over 180 people are used to evaluate the deflexion and return of just one aircraft (drone). These people are paid to oversee, protect, and fix any problems with the flying vehicle. This ultimately creates jobs for people in any fields of work to not only contribute to the use of them, while not only getting paid, but by helping out the United States military in the process.In the debate between the uses of drones, there is one study aspect that challenges drones in war-time tactics. These questions ask, are drones ethical? Drones prove to be ethical in some ways, but one that proves to be of the up most importance is the defense of our nation against the Taliban and Al Qaeda. Stated in the CQ Press the Obama administration has already c arried out at least 101 drone strikes, doubling the amount during Bushs presidency.(CQ Press) Many drone supporters argue that these strikes are precise, limit collateral damage, as well as save the lives of United States soldiers.(CQ Press) and a main idea that backs up the ethical use of drones, goes back to the weakening of Al Qaeda and his troops. Since the year 2004, 95 percent of all the killings made by a drone have been of either terrorists or militia. This proves that not only do drones precisely attack the person(s) targeted, but also save the lives of innocent people as well as the lives of United States soldiers.Another ethical issue that should be discussed asks, is the use of drones a technological tipping point in war? Thought to enhance decision makers to resort to a policy far sooner than previously multiple energetic and retired Air Force veterans state that the aircraft brings in more decision-makers, better targeting data and more accurate delivery systems than fighter jets.(Pincus). For every Predator (a type of drone) flown, there are 180 people there to oversee, protect, and enhance the plane at all times. Also, before any attack is made a bug go report is read (the impact the missile would have) which helps protect innocent civilians who are in the line of fire. Nothing of this sort can be done with manned vehicles. Throughout this whole time, the person that will ultimately push the button to fire the missile will go through the same pre-mission routine that any Air Force Pilot would. This shows that even if technology is taking over war, the decisions and consequences will still be the same as the one who makes the decisions in a manned vehicle.The main Reconnaissance aerial drone used now is the Global Hawk. This Unmanned joyous vehicle is used mainly by the United Stated Air Force and as well as the Navy. This drone has the same general concept as the Firebee but is much more technologically advanced. It is able to provide a Syn thetic Aperture Rader (SAR) as well as an Electro Infrared (EIR). This SAR uses an antenna signal and its target area to provide a long signal. Its main use is on an aircraft of any sort, where it is mounted on, and can flash pulses of radio waves to show the direct location of the object. The EIR is an image that include long times of loitering over any target area and can survey as much as 40,000 sq. /miles a day. This aerial vehicle is the one that patrols the area and looks for enemy militia prior to the appearance of the Predator Drone.The attack drone used in todays wars is called the Predator Drone. This is as well an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, but one that destroys. as yet though the Predator Drone carries cameras and sensors on it for when it is needed to patrol a certain site it also can pack and fire two hellfire missiles. A hellfire missile is one that can be launched from multiple air, sea, or ground platforms. It is the main missile used by the United States Air Force . Since the early 2000s, the Predator Drone is the dominant UAV used for any offensive operation conducted through the United States. Being one of the most reliable drones, it has seen combat in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bosnia, Serbia, Iraq, Yemen and Libya.With the use of Drones bettering our war-time decisions, they also affect the way the United States conducts itself. There are numerous amounts of ways that drones help our smart set other than in war. From the help of drones fertilizing bigger areas of land in Agriculture, to the use of stick out Balloons to help out in environmental control in Weather Research. As well as finding resources under the sea in Marine Sources, to helping the Coast Guard control the borders in Coast Watch. Even though some of these drones are used to oversee governmental activities, drones will still be used in the Borders to help control crime and help decrease in drug distribution in the United States.By allowing the use of drones in war-time tacti cs, it allows the death toll for terrorists or other questionable sources to increase, whereas American soldier distribution can be favored in another area of the military. Not only does this technology leap show the major accomplishments that we have had as a country towards drones, but encourages Americans that even better things are to come in the future. Though the drones we use now are a stimulate reason to agree with the use of drones in war, the creation of the Dragon Eye and Shadow 2000 will help alter your undecided mind. These future inventions are vatical to be able to detect nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons, see into triple canopy jungles and provide low- cost and reliable communications and data relay across the battlefield. With the major leaps and bounds already achieved by the advancement of technology, shows that only good things are to come in the near future.

Pareto Optimality

Pargonto susceptibility, orP beto optimality, is a concept ineconomicswith applications inengineeringand affectionate sciences. The term is named afterVilfredo Pargonto, anItalianeconomist who use the concept in his studies ofeconomic efficiencyandincome distri only whenion. citation conducted Given an initial solelyocation ofgoodsamong a pit ofindividuals, a change to a incompatible allocation that makes at least whizz individual bettor offwith knocked out(p) fashioning each oppositewise individual worse off is called aPargonto improvement. An allocation is defined as Pareto efficient or Pareto optimal when no further Pareto improvements ordure be made.Pareto efficiency is a minimal notion of efficiency and does not necessarily result in a socially desirable distribution of resources it makes no statement active equality, or the everyplaceall hygienic-being of a society. 12 A state of af sanes where it is not possible to improve the economic lot of c support to spate without making separates worse off amer batchtilist invite. The implications of this view in welfare economics are that, once an economy has ceased to grow, it is impossible to increase the wealth of the poor without opposing thePareto criterion in other words, without making the rich worse off.This then bring abouts an argument for retaining thestatus quo, even if the distribution of income in society is very uneven. APareto improvement, however, occurs if resources chamberpot be better apply so that one groups prosperity increases, but not at a cost to some others. DEFINITION OF NEGOTIATION N egotiation is one of the most common approaches used to make decisions and manage disputes. It is also the major building block for many another(prenominal) other alternative dispute resolution procedures.Negotiation occurs betwixt spouses, parents and children, managers and staff, employers and employees, professionals and clients, within and between organizations and between agenci es and the public. Negotiation is a problem- solution process in which two or more than people voluntarily discuss their differences and attempt to r for each one a pronounce decision on their common concerns. Negotiation requires participants to identify issues more or less which they differ, educate each other near their inevitably and interests, generate ossible declaration options and bargain everyplace the terms of the final cartel. Successful negotiations planetaryly result in some kind of exchange or promise being made by the negotiators to each other. The exchange whitethorn be tangible ( much(prenominal) as money, a commitment of time or a particular manner) or intangible (such as an compact to change an attitude or expectation, or make an apology). Negotiation is the principal manner that people redefine an old relationship that is not beting to their happiness or establish a new relationship where none existed before.Be give way off negotiation is such a common problem-solving process, it is in everyones interest to become familiar with negotiating kinetics and skills. This section is designed to introduce basic concepts of negotiation and to present procedures and strategies that chiefly produce more efficient and full-bodied problem solving. CONDITIONS FOR NEGOTIATION A material body of conditions can affect the success or failure of negotiations. The follo pull aheadg conditions make success in negotiations more likely. Identifiable parties who are leaveing to participate.The people or groups who have a stake in the answer mustinessiness be identifiable and exiting to sit d cause at the talk terms table if nut-bearing negotiations are to occur. If a critical fel crushedship is either absent or is not pass oning to commit to good faith bargain, the potential for agreement go out decline. Interdependence. For productive negotiations to occur, the participants must be dependent upon each other to have their needs met or interests satisfied. The participants need either each others assistance or restraint from negative action for their interests to be satisfied.If one party can get his/her needs met without the cooperation of the other, there will be little impetus to negotiate. Readiness to negotiate. stack must be ready to negotiate for dialogue to begin. When participants are not psychologically prepared to talk with the other parties, when adequate information is not available, or when a negotiation strategy has not been prepared, people whitethorn be reluctant to begin the process. Means of influence or leverage. For people to slip by an agreement over issues about which they disagree, they must have some subject matter to influence the attitudes and/or air of other negotiators.Often influence is seen as the power to scupper or inflict pain or undesirable costs, but this is only one way to encourage another to change. Asking thought-provoking forelands, providing needed information, deprivation the advice of experts, appealing to influential associates of a party, exercising authoritative authority or providing rewards are all means of exerting influence in negotiations. Agreement on some issues and interests. People must be able to agree upon some common issues and interests for progression to be made in negotiations.Generally, participants will have some issues and interests in common and others that are of concern to only one party. The summate and magnificence of the common issues and interests influence whether negotiations occur and whether they terminate in agreement. Parties must have nice issues and interests in common to commit themselves to a joint decision-making process. Will to settle. For negotiations to succeed, participants have to insufficiency to settle. If continuing a conflict is more key than solvent, then negotiations are doomed to failure.Often parties want to keep conflicts going to preserve a relationship (a negative one ma y be better than no relationship at all), to mobilize public opinion or support in their favor, or because the conflict relationship cedes meaning to their life. These factors promote continued division and work against law of closure. The negative consequences of not settling must be more significant and greater than those of settling for an agreement to be reached. Unpredictability of vector sum. People negotiate because they need something from another someone.They also negotiate because the outcome of not negotiating is un foreseeable. For example If, by going to court, a person has a 50/50 chance of winning, s/he may decide to negotiate rather than take the risk of losing as a result of a judicial decision. Negotiation is more predictable than court because if negotiation is successful, the party will at least win something. Chances for a decisive and one- boldnessd victory need to be unpredictable for parties to inclose into negotiations. A sense of urgency and deadline. Negotiations generally occur when there is pressure or it is urgent to reach a decision.Urgency may be compel by either external or internal time constraints or by potential negative or positive consequences to a negotiation outcome. external constraints include court dates, imminent executive or administrative decisions, or predictable changes in the environment. Internal constraints may be artificial deadlines selected by a negotiator to enhance the motivation of another to settle. For negotiations to be successful, the participants must jointly feel a sense of urgency and be aware that they are susceptible to adverse action or loss of benefits if a timely decision is not reached.If procras- tination is advantageous to one berth, negotiations are slight likely to occur, and, if they do, there is less impetus to settle. No major psychological barriers to village. Strong expressed or unexpressed feelings about another party can sharply affect a persons psychological readiness to bargain. Psychological barriers to occlusion must be lowered if successful negotiations are to occur. Issues must be negotiable. For successful negotiation to occur, negotiators must count that there are acceptable settlement options that are possible as a result of participation in the process.If it appears that negotiations will have only win/lose settlement possibilities and that a partys needs will not be met as a result of participation, parties will be reluctant to enter into dialogue. The people must have the authority to decide. For a successful outcome, participants must have the authority to make a decision. If they do not have a legitimate and recognized right to decide, or if a clear ratification process has not been established, negotiations will be limited to an information exchange between the parties. A willingness to compromise. Not all negotiations require compromise.On occasion, an agreement can be reached which meets all the participants needs and does not r equire a sacrifice on any partys part. However, in other disputes, compromisewillingness to have less than 100 percent of needs or interests satisfiedmay be necessary for the parties to reach a satisfactory conclusion. Where the physical division of assets, strong values or principles preclude compromise, negotiations are not possible. The agreement must be reasonable and implementable. Some settlements may be substantively acceptable but may be impossible to implement.Participants in negotiations must be able to establish a realistic and workable jut to carry out their agreement if the final settlement is to be acceptable and hold over time. External factors favorable to settlement. Often factors external to negotiations inhibit or encourage settlement. Views of associates or friends, the political climate of public opinion or economic conditions may foster agreement or continued turmoil. Some external conditions can be managed by negotiators while others cannot. Favorable externa l conditions for settlement should be developed whenever possible. alternatives to negotiate. Participants in negotiations must have the interpersonal skills necessary for negotiate and, where appropriate, the money and time to engage fully in dialogue procedures. Inadequate or unequal resources may block the initiation of negotiations or hinder settlement. wherefore PARTIES CHOOSE TO NEGOTIATE The list of reasons for choosing to negotiate is long. Some of the most common reasons are to Gain recognition of either issues or parties Test the strength of other parties commence information about issues, interests and positions of other parties Educate all sides about a particular view of an issue or concern Ventilate emotions about issues or people Change perceptions Mobilize public support Buy time Bring about a zestd change in a relationship Develop new procedures for handling problems Make substantive gains Solve a problem. WHY PARTIES REFUSE TO NEGOTIATE Even when many of the pr econditions for negotiation are present, parties often choose not to negotiate. Their reasons may include Negotiating confers sense and legitimacy to an adversary, their goals and needs Parties are fearful of being perceived as weak by a constituency, by their adversary or by the public Discussions are premature. at that place may be other alternatives availableinformal communications, small hugger-mugger meetings, policy revision, decree, elections coming together could provide false hope to an adversary or to ones own constituency Meeting could increase the visibility of the dispute Negotiating could intensify the dispute Parties neediness confidence in the process There is a lack of jurisdictional authority Authoritative powers are unavailable or reluctant to meet Meeting is too time-consuming Parties need additional time to prepare Parties want to avoid locking themselves into a position there is still time to increase demands and to intensify conflict to their advantage. D EFINITIONS For negotiations to result in positive benefits for all sides, the negotiator must define what the problem is and what each party wants. In defining the goals of negotiation, it is beta to distinguish between issues, positions, interests and settlement options. Anissue is a matter or question parties disagree about. Issues can usually be stated as problems. For example, How can wetlands be preserved while allowing some industrial or residential development near a stream or marsh? Issues may be substantive (related to money, time or compensation), procedural (concerning the way a dispute is get acrossd), or psychological (related to the effect of a proposed action). Positions are statements by a party about how an issue can or should be handled or resolved or a proposal for a particular solution.A disputant selects a position because it satisfies a particular interest or meets a set of needs. Interests are particularised needs, conditions or gains that a party must hav e met in an agreement for it to be considered satisfactory. Interests may refer to content, to specific procedural considerations or to psychological needs. Settlement Optionspossible solutions which address one or more partys interests. The charge of options implies that there is more than one way to satisfy interests. SELECTING A GENERAL NEGOTIATION APPROACHThe negotiator will need to select a general negotiation approach. There are many techniques, but the two most common approaches to negotiation are positional bargaining and interest- ground bargaining. positional Bargaining Positional bargaining is a negotiation strategy in which a series of positions, alternative solutions that meet particular interests or needs, are selected by a negotiator, legitimate sequentially according to preferred outcomes and presented to another party in an effort to reach agreement. The first-year or opening position represents that maximum gain hoped for or expected in the negotiations.Each sub sequent position demands less of an opponent and results in fewer benefits for the person advocating it. Agreement is reached when the negotiators positions converge and they reach an acceptable settlement range. WHEN IS POSITIONAL bargain OFTEN USED? When the resource being negotiated is limited (time, money, psychological benefits, etc. ). When a party wants to maximize his/her share in a fixed sum pay off. When the interests of the parties are not interdependent, are contradictory or are vernacularly exclusive. When current or future relationships have a lower priority than immediate substantive gains. ATTITUDES OF POSITIONAL BARGAINERS Resource is limited. Other negotiator is an opponent be heavy(p) on him/her. Win for one means a loss for the other. Goal is to win as much as possible. Concessions are a sign of weakness. There is a right solutionmine. Be on the offensive at all times. HOW IS POSITIONAL negociate CONDUCTED? 1. Set your signal pointsolution that would meet al l your interests and result in assoil success for you.To set the get point, consider Your highest estimate of what is needed. (What are your interests? ) Your most optimistic assumption of what is possible. Your most favorable opinion of your bargaining skill. 2. Make target point into opening position. 3. Set your foundation line or resistance pointthe solution that is the least you are willing to accept and still reach agreement. To identify your bottom line, consider Your lowest estimate of what is needed and would still be acceptable to you. Your least optimistic assumption of what is possible. Your least favorable assessment of your bargaining skill relative to other negotiators. YourBestAlternative To aNegotiatedAgreement (BATNA). 4. Consider possible targets and bottom lines of other negotiators. Why do they set their targets and bottom lines at these points? What interests or needs do these positions satisfy? Are your needs or interests and those of the other party mutua lly exclusive? Will gains and losings have to be shared to reach agreement or can you settle with both receiving significant gains? . Consider a range of positions between your target point and bottom line. Each subsequent position after the target point offers more concessions to the other negotiator(s), but is still satisfactory to you. Consider having the succeeding(a) positions for each issue in dispute initiative position. Secondary position. Subsequent position. Fallback position(yellow light that indicates you are close to bottom line parties who want to mediate should stop here so that the intermediary has something to work with). Bottom line. 6.Decide if any of your positions meets the interests or needs of the other negotiators. How should your position be modify to do so? 7. Decide when you will move from one position to another. 8. Order the issues to be negotiated into a logical (and beneficial) sequence. 9. Open with an easy issue. 10. Open with a position close to your target point. Educate the other negotiator(s) why you need your solution and why your expectations are high. Educate them as to why they must entrap or lower their expectations. 11. Allow other side to explain their opening position. 12.If appropriate, move to other positions that offer other negotiator(s) more benefits. 13. Look for a settlement or bargaining range spectrum of possible settlement alternatives any one of which is preferable to impasse or no settlement. 14. Compromise on benefits and losses where appropriate. a = companionship As resistance point b = Party As target c = Acceptable options for Party A x = Party Bs target y = Party Bs resistance point z = Acceptable options for Party B 15. Look for how positions can be modified to meet all negotiators interests. 16. Formalize agreements in writing. peculiarity BEHAVIORS OF POSITIONAL BARGAINERS Initial large demandhigh or large opening position used to educate other parties about what is desired or to identify how far they will have to move to reach an acceptable settlement range. Low level of disclosuresecretive and non-trusting behavior to hide what the settlement range and bottom line are. Goal is to increase benefits at expense of other. Bluffingstrategy used to make negotiator grant concessions based on misinformation about the desires, strengths or costs of another. Threatsstrategy used to increase costs to another if agreement is not reached. Incremental concessionssmall benefits awarded so as to gradually cause convergence between negotiators positions. Hard on people and problemoften other negotiator is degraded in the process of hard bargaining over way. This is a common behavior that is not necessarily a quality of or desirable behavior in positional bargaining. COSTS AND BENEFITS OF POSITIONAL BARGAINING be Often damages relationships inherently polarizing (my way, your way) Cuts off option exploration.Often prevents tailor-made solutions Promotes rigid adherence to position s Obscures a focus on interests by premature commitment to specific solutions Produces compromise when better solutions may be available Benefits May prevent premature concessions Is multipurpose in dividing or compromising on the distribution of fixed-sum resources Does not require trust to work Does not require full disclosure of privileged information Interest-Based BargainingInterest-based bargaining involves parties in a collaborative effort to jointly meet each others needs and satisfy mutual interests. Rather than moving from positions to counter positions to a compromise settlement, negotiators pursuing an interest-based bargaining approach attempt to identify their interests or needs and those of other partiesprior to developing specific solutions. After the interests are identified, the negotiators jointly search for a frame of settlement options that might satisfy all interests, rather than argue for any single position.The parties select a solution from these jointly g enerated options. This approach to negotiation is frequently called integrated bargaining because of its emphasis on cooperation, meeting mutual needs, and the efforts by the parties to expand the bargaining options so that a wiser decision, with more benefits to all, can be achieved. WHEN IS INTEREST-BASED BARGAINING USED? When the interests of the negotiators are interdependent. When it is not clear whether the issue being negotiated is fixed-sum (even if the outcome is fixed-sum, the process can be used). When future relationships are a high priority. When negotiators want to establish cooperative problem-solving rather than competitive procedures to resolve their differences. When negotiators want to tailor a solution to specific needs or interests. When a compromise of principles is unacceptable. ATTITUDES OF INTEREST-BASED BARGAINERS Resource is seen as not limited. All negotiators interests must be addressed for an agreement to be reached. Focus on interests not positions. P arties looking at for objective or fair standards that all can agree to. Belief that there are in all probability multiple satisfactory solutions. Negotiators are cooperative problem-solvers rather than opponents. People and issues are separate. take note people, bargain hard on interests. Search for win/win solutions. HOW TO DO INTEREST-BASED BARGAINING Interests are needs that a negotiator wants satisfied or met. There are three types of interests Substantive interestscontent needs (money, time, goods or resources, etc. ) Procedural interestsneeds for specific types of behavior or the way that something is done. Relationship or psychological interestsneeds that refer to how one feels, how one is treated or conditions for ongoing relationship. 1. Identify the substantive, procedural and relationship interest/needs that you expect to be satisfied as a result of negotiations. Be clear on Why the needs are important to you. How important the needs are to you. 2. think on the subst antive, procedural and relationship interests that might be important to the other negotiators. Assess why the needs are important to them. Assess how important the needs are to them. 3. Begin negotiations by educating each other about your respective interests. Be specific as to why interests are important. If other negotiators present positions, render them into terms of interest. Do not allow other negotiators to commit to a particular solution or position. Make sure all interests are understood. 4. compose the problem in a way that it is solvable by a win/win solution. Remove egocentricity by framing problem in a manner that all can accept. Include basic interests of all parties. Make the framing congruent with the size of the problem to be addressed. 5. Identify general criteria that must be present in an acceptable settlement. Look for general agreements in principle. Identify acceptable objective criteria that will be used to reach more specific agreements. 6. Generate mult iple options for settlement. Present multiple proposals. Make frequent proposals. Vary the content. Make package proposals that link solutions to satisfy interests. Make sure that more than two options are on the table at any given time. . Utilize integrative option generating techniques Expand-the-pieways that more resources or options can be brought to bear on the problem. Alternating satisfactioneach negotiator gets 100 percent of what s/he wants, but at different times. Trade-offsexchanges of concessions on issues of differing importance to the negotiators. Consider two or more agenda items simultaneously. Negotiators trade concessions on issues of higher or lower importance to each. Each negotiator gets his/her way on one issue. Integrative solutionslook for solutions that involve maximum gains and few or no losses for both parties. Set your sights high on finding a win/win solution. 8. Separate the option generation process from the evaluation process. 9. Work toward agreement . Use the Agreement-in-Principle Process (general level of agreements moving toward more specific agreements). separate ( rest into small pieces) the problem and use a Building-Block Process (agreements on smaller issues that. when combined, form a general agreement). Reduce the threat level. Educate and be improve about interests of all parties. Assure that all interests will be respected and viewed as legitimate. Show an interest in their needs. Do not exploit another negotiators weakness. Demonstrate trust Put yourself in a one down position to other on issues where you risk a small, but symbolic loss. crop up with a problem solving rather than competitive approach. Provide benefits above and beyond the call of duty. get a line and convey to other negotiators that they have been heard and understood. Listen and restate content to demonstrate understanding. Listen and restate feelings to demonstrate acceptance (not necessarily agreement) and understanding of intensity. 10. Ide ntify areas of agreement, restate them, and write them down. COSTS AND BENEFITS OF INTEREST-BASED BARGAINING Costs Requires some trust Requires negotiators to disclose information and interests May uncover extremely divergent values or interests Benefits Produces solutions that meet specific interests Builds relationships Promotes trust Models cooperative behavior that may be valuable in future. AN INTEGRATED APPROACHNaturally, all negotiations involve some positional bargaining and some interest-based bargaining, but each session may be characterized by a predominance of one approach or the other. Negotiators who take a positional bargaining approach will generally use interest-based bargaining only during the final stages of negotiations. When interest-based bargaining is used throughout negotiations it often produces wiser decisions in a shorter amount of time with less incidence of adversarial behavior. dynamics OF NEGOTIATION Examining the approaches to negotiation only gives us a static view of what is normally a dynamic process of change.Let us now look at the stages of negotiation most bargaining sessions follow. Negotiators have developed many schemes to describe the sequential development of negotiations. Some of them are descriptivedetailing the progress made in each stagewhile others are prescriptivesuggesting what a negotiator should do. We prefer a twelve-stage process that combines the two approaches. STAGES OF NEGOTIATION comprise 1Evaluate and select a Strategy to Guide Problem Solving Assess various approaches or proceduresnegotiation, facilitation, interintermediation, arbitration, court, etc. available for problem solving. Select an approach. Stage 2 Make Contact with Other Party or Parties Make initial contact(s) in person, by telephone, or by mail. Explain your desire to negotiate and coordinate approaches. Build rapport and expand relationship Build personal or organizations credibility. Promote commitment to the procedure. Educate an d obtain input from the parties about the process that is to be used. Stage 3 Collect and Analyze Background Information Collect and analyze relevant data about the people, dynamics and substance involved in the problem. Verify accuracy of data. Minimize the impact of inaccurate or unavailable data. Identify all parties substantive, procedural and psychological interests. Stage 4 Design a Detailed Plan for Negotiation Identify strategies and tactics that will enable the parties to move toward agreement. Identify tactics to respond to situations peculiar to the specific issues to be negotiated. Stage 5 Build Trust and Cooperation Prepare psychologically to participate in negotiations on substantive issues. Develop a strategy to handle strong emotions. Check perceptions and minimize effects of stereotypes. Build recognition of the legitimacy of the parties and issues. Build trust. Clarify communications. Stage 6 Beginning the Negotiation Session shut in all parties. Exchange statemen ts which demonstrate willingness to listen, share appraisals, show openness to reason and demonstrate desire to bargain in good faith. name guidelines for behavior. State mutual expectations for the negotiations. Describe history of problem and explain why there is a need for change or agreement. Identify interests and/or positions. Stage 7 localise Issues and Set an Agenda Together identify broad depicted object areas of concern to people. Identify specific issues to be discussed. Frame issues in a non-judgmental neutral manner. Obtain an agreement on issues to be discussed. Determine the sequence to discuss issues. Start with an issue in which there is high investment on the part of all participants, where there is not serious disagreement and where there is a strong likelihood of agreement. Take turns describing how you see the situation.Participants should be encouraged to tell their story in enough detail that all people understand the viewpoint presented. Use active listen ing, open-ended questions and foc employ questions to gain additional information. Stage 8 get out Hidden Interests Probe each issue either one at a time or together to identify interests, needs and concerns of the principal participants in the dispute. Define and elaborate interests so that all participants understand the needs of others as well as their own. Stage 9 Generate Options for Settlement Develop an ken about the need for options from which to select or create the final settlement. refreshen needs of parties which relate to the issue. Generate criteria or objective standards that can guide settlement discussions. Look for agreements in principle. Consider breaking issue into smaller, more manageable issues and generating solutions for sub-issues. Generate options either individually or through joint discussions. Use one or more of the following procedures Expand the pie so that benefits are increased for all parties. Alternate satisfaction so that each party has his/he r interests satisfied but at different times. Trade items that are valued differently by parties. Look for integrative or win/win options. Brainstorm. Use trial and misapprehension generation of multiple solutions. Try silent generation in which each individual develops buck privately a list of options and then presents his/her ideas to other negotiators. Use a caucus to develop options. Conduct position/counter position option generation. Separate generation of possible solutions from evaluation.Stage 10 Assess Options for Settlement Review the interests of the parties. Assess how interests can be met by available options. Assess the costs and benefits of selecting options. Stage 11 Final Bargaining Final problem solving occurs when single of the alternatives is selected. Incremental concessions are made and parties move closer together. Alternatives are combined or tailored into a superior solution. Package settlements are developed. Parties establish a procedural means to reach a substantive agreement. Stage 12 Achieving Formal Settlement Agreement may be a written enumeration of understanding or a legal contract. Detail how settlement is to be implementedwho, what, where, when, howand write it into the agreement. Identify what ifs and conduct problem solving to overcome blocks. Establish an evaluation and monitoring procedure. Formalize the settlement and create enforcement and commitment mechanisms Legal contract Performance bond Judicial review Administrative/executive compliment Pre-Mediation Planning Before going into mediation, consider all of the possibilities.What risks do you face? What to you have to gain? What are the major deal points which will make or break the negotiation for you? In the field of mediation, the process of evaluating your case or position may be called BATNA and WATNA analysis. BATNA stands for Best Alternative To Negotiated Agreement. In other words, if the mediation does not produce a settlement or other type of agreemen t, what is the best thing that could happen? Will the other side lastly give in to your side? Will a new law cause things to come out in your favor? Will the other side lose interest in their position?Will your costs/risks be negligible? Are you confident about winning in court? These are the kinds of question you may ask yourself while evaluating your BATNA. WATNA stands for Worst Alternative to Negotiated Agreement. A couple of questions you may ask for this analysis are Will the other side probably win in court? Who controls the status quo? If the case doesnt settle, am I the one who will ultimately lose? The process of BATNA/WATNA analysis ultimately assists a party in determining the scope of their mediation efforts and their reservation point.Put another way, at what point will the party walk aside from the table? When is it too risky not to settle, or too costly not to settle? Without a clear picture of these risk possibilities, it is extremely vexed to reasonably evaluate your case. A good mediator will also assist you in this analysis, but its better to be prepared and informal before entering negotiations. You will appear more confident and credible in your claims. Opening Offers and Demands Great debate rages in the negotiation field over whether or not to throw out the first offer. Some experts advise never, ever to make a first offer.Others cautiously advocate making a first offer if it serves your position. Whether you decide to make a first offer may depend upon your particular bargaining style. Be aware, however, that making a first offer sends a powerful signal to the other party. First, it has the potential to errode your credibility. If your offer or demand does not pass the straight-face test, your credibility may be on slippery slope. Be careful that your offer or demand isnt so ill-considered as to make your statements and assertions throughout the rest of the negotiation unbelievable.Opening offers and demands are also powerful becau se they tell the other side roughly what your evaluation of the case is. It can therefore have the effect of shifting or anchoring the other partys expectations to the range you have requested or offered. The party may then respond to the offer/demand by adjusting or reevaluating the number they originally had in mind. Alternatively, if your offer/demand is outside of their anticipated range, it can kick upstairs anger, incredulity or an equally unreasonable or absurd counter-offer. Bottom-Lines If you have a bottom-line number, guard it until the right moment.If you give it out too early, it can destroy the flexibility of the bargaining process. This occurs because parties often settle upon a number that wasnt anticipated. By revealing a hard number too early, it cements you into a position that is much more difficult to negotiate from. It also takes remote the possibily of gift-giving which we will discuss later(prenominal). The most fundamental rule of bottom-lines, however, i s to tell the truth. Dont state a false bottom line, only to change it later to suit your negotiating needs. Doing so will ruin your credibility and decrease your leverage and bargaining power.If you are asked for a bottom-line and are not ready to give it, you may politely say that you have a number in mind but would like to engage in further discussion to chequer as much as possible about all aspects of the dispute before making a final decision. Strategies and Techniques Bargaining Styles Below is a chart describing different bargaining styles. Which category do you fit into? Soft Cooperative Hard Competitive Principled Participants are friends. Participants are adversaries. Participantsare problem-solvers. The goal is agreement. The goal is victory.The goal is a wise outcome reached efficiently and amicably. Make concessions to cultivate the relationship. Demand concessions as a condition of therelationship. Separate the people from the problem. Be soft on the people and the pr oblem. Be hard on the problem and the people. Be soft on the people hard on the problem. Trust others. Distrust others. Proceed Independent of trust. Change your position easily. craunch in to your position. Focus on interest, not positions. Make offers. Make threats. Explore interests. Disclose your bottom line. Mislead as to your bottom line. Avoid having a bottom line.Accept one-sided losses to reach agreement. Demand one-sided gains as the price of agreement. Invent options for mutual gain. Search for the single answer the one they will accept. Search for the single answer the one you will accept. Develop multiple options to choose from decide later. Insist on agreement. Insist on your position. Insist on using objective criteria. Try to avoid a contest of will. Try to win a contest of will. Try to reach a result based on standards independent of will. Yield to pressure. Apply pressure. Reason and be open to reasons yeild to principle, not pressure.SPECIAL NOTES ON HARD-BARGAIN ERS When encountering hard-bargainers, negotiation can be tricky. Difficulties arise because granting concessions makes the other side feel bullied, but sticking to principles can create an impasse of negotiation. Here are a few tips for dealing with hard bargainers * Dont attack the position, look behind it for interests and motivations * Dont defend your position or statements, instead, invite criticism and suggestions * Dont react, pause or relax * Dont argue back listen carefully and calmly * Reframe accusations as an assault on the problem itself * Ask productive questionsHard bargaining can arise in certain circumstances as well. Unreasonable initial demands, lack of meaningful information, greediness, positional bargaining, and threats can all cause a competitive bargaining environment to emerge. Leverage Leverage is an adversarial concept which allows a party to exert pressure on the other side by appealing to his/her fears, risks or needs. For example, if a party must ha ve a certain dispute resolved by a certain date, withholding a resolution, walking away from the table, or delaying progress exerts pressure on that party to give in to the demands of the other side.Using threats is also a form of leverage. Threat must be used carefully so as not to enrage the other side such that they refuse to participate in continuing discussion. look for indicates that the efficacy of threats depends on their credibility, immediacy, context, specificity and equity. Another form of leverage is ego stroking. For some people, being recognized or acknowledged in a positive way can cause incredible shifts in perspective. Such a party may be more willing to negotiate, may be more generous, or may overlook past transgressions. Be sure that any appreciation for the other side that you convey is impartial.Sometimes, using positive-side leverage such as ego stroking can arouse an eagerness in the other party to reciprocate the sentiment or to seek to please you by off ering concessions. The showtime of Brilliant (and not so brilliant) Ideas A great way to apply positive leverage while seizing advantageous settlement opportunities is to give reference work to the other side for discovering a solution or for presenting a good idea. Instead of saying, I want X dollars to replace my damaged roof say, A little while ago, you presented a very clear picture of the problem and it helped me to understand the issue of the roof better.I would like to hear more of your ideas about how we can approach that particular aspect of this negotiation. In other words, create for the other party a positive reputation, even if you believe it is undeserved in your particular scenario, that they can then attempt to live up to. Conversely, when a party makes a tactical mistake which doesnt help your position, but does expose further progress, give them an easy prospect to save face. For example, If Im not mistaken, I think I heard you say you wanted $3 billion for yo ur broken fence.I know there are a lot of numbers being exchanged here and I have become confused myself a couple of times with the amount of data. Would you like to review that figure and potentially make an adjustment at some point? Be sure to avoid enouraging or doing anything which could result in face-saving-behaviors. Face-saving behaviors are defensive attempts to re-establish face after threats to face or so-called face-loss. People are often willing and even eager to retaliate and sacrifice rewards at great cost when they perceive the threat of humiliation.By engaging in such behavior you are, at best, reducing the predictability of the outcome, and at worst, creating a hostile and perilous environment which could cost you and the other party a mutually agreeable settlement while augmenting the costs of dispute resolution. The Sometime-Appeal of High Concepts With some negotiators, it is possible to paint a bigger picture which extends beyond the limits of present issues. By appealing, for example, to a persons sense of idealism or a particular world-view, it is sometimes possible to break a deadlocked negotiation.However, just as high concepts can broaden the mind of a stubborn participant, a carelessly made plea to a persons sense of justice can provoke indignation and encourage increasing inflexibility. For example, a negotiator might say, If we are able to come to a settlement today regarding the teachers union, the students can return to school much sooner and resume their studies, which is, of course, what we all want. However, some negotiators may interpret such a statement as disingenuous, or mocking. So be careful Reciprocal BargainingSome negotiation experts contend that a multiplicative inverse bargaining strategy promotes responsibility, accountability, and reasonable dealings. Reciprocal Bargaining scheme basically holds that if one party makes an unreasonable demand or offer, the other side must do the same, back to that party. The r esult is, theoretically, that each side will then see and respect the consequences of their own behavior throughout the negotiation. Alternatively, if one party demonstrates generosity or uncommon honesty, the other side should reciprocate that behavior as well.The relationship-building potential of this strategy has been touted by many mediation experts as an effective way to facilitate productive conversation. Alternatively, this strategy can be counter-productive if the parties do not respond appropriately to the consequences. This can occur where parties are emotionally involved in the proceedings, when personal relationships are the actual subject of dispute or when the negotiation involves more than one hard-bargainer. In these scenarios, a reciprocal strategy can create a downward sprial of bad behavior which ultimately causes negotions to break down comp allowely.GENEROUS RECIPROCAL BARGAINING THEORY An alternative stragegy is to employ a downward-spiral breaking strategy k nown as generous reciprocal bargaining. This reciprocal strategy does not work in the systematic framework of the standard reciprocal bargaining. Instead, the parties reciprocate positive and negative behavior only the majority of the time. At irregular intervals, a party using this strategy will unexpectedly not reciprocate a negative behavior committed by the other party.This behavior breaks the vicious cycle of negative behavior and can allow for positive behavior changes in both parties, leaving them open to more productive communication exchanges and opportunities for mutual agreement. Gift Giving Giving gifts during negotiation is a great way to generate goodwill, especially at the initiation of bargaining. Small concessions will leave a strong impression with the other sides perception of you, and may influence their actions going forward. Small concessions are a low cost method of initiating momentum in negotiations.By the way, one of the easiest and cheapest concessions you can grant to the other side is to listen to them, carefully, openly, and without judgment. Complaining Some experts advise mediation participants to refrain from complaining. However, our position is that complaints can be useful to the extent that they can generate empathy and produce increased willingness to exhibit flexibility from the other side. If reasonable and genuine complaints are made carefully, are well-timed, are not excessively accusatory and do not occur with too much regularity, they can prove useful in the context of negotiation. Positions vs.Interests As we viewed in the bargaining styles chart, people negotiate in different ways, and with different results. A major problem in many mediations is that participants become committed to their positions, that is, the result they are aiming for. This tactic, (or tactical error) causes inflexibility and generates ill-will. Mediators attempt to separate the interests from the positions. That is, the mediator seeks to lea rn what the actual issues that drive the mediation are. By separating out the interests an objective approach to resolving the dispute becomes possible and solutions become more clearly visible.For futher illustration, please view this chart PROBLEM The immediate source of conflict. indication How people interpret the other partys behavior. POSITION Demands, threats, fixed solutions, proposals, or points of view. INTEREST What really matters to this person. (Why is X a problem? ) ISSUE The topic the parties need to discuss and decide. Barking dog. Neighbor is unfriendly, inconsiderate. Violates my privacy. Buy a muzzle. Im not well. I need my sleep. Want my home to be a quiet, private place. How to control the barking at night.Unfair bill. This company wants to rip me off. They think Im not smart enough to notice. I will not pay for work you didnt even do. Want to be treated fairly. Need to know how much something is going to cost so I can figure for it. What work was done, what recompense is fair. How rest of job will be billed. As a negotiator, it is important to focus on your interests and to resist trying to control the outcome of the negotiation. In this way, you can more reasonably evaluate your risks, options and creative solutions along the way to a mutually agreeable solution.Additionally, its a good idea to focus on the interests of the other side. By understanding, and by demonstrating understanding of the other sides interests, you will more easily command their attention and better understand the major deal points that will solve the dispute. Problems vs. People Similar to the above paragraph, mediators continually work to separate the people from the problems. This promotes a problem solving environment while reducing sniping, personal attacks and unreasonable and inflammatory statements. Be careful not to bargain over your positions. Instead, invent ptions for mutual gain, insist on using objective, evaluative criteria instead of accusatory s tatements. Although its hard to take, if another party insults you personally, ignore the attack and look behind it to discover the feelings and motivations of the accuser. You may learn valuable information about the partys interests. To avoid inflaming the other party as well, avoid accusatory statements, personal attacks, petty insults and counter-productive statements and questions such as What do you want from me? Calm down Be reasonable Whats your problem? and You always. or You never.. ReframingReframing is perhaps the most important part of negotiation. Reframing is the process of restating something the other side has said in a way that is mutually beneficial. Reframing signals to the other party that you have listened to their story and that you understand and appreciate it. This, in itself, is a type of concession, and it doesnt cost you a thing Reframing is an opportunity that presents itself at multiple stages of mediation. Instead of turn downing an offer, reframe it to convey your understanding as well as to present an opportunity to shift the focus or perspective on the topic.You might try saying and instead of but to effectively reject an offer while appearing open to further discussion and at the same time reframing the issue to your advantage. Also, it is a good idea to ask sincere questions instead of making demands whenever possible. Instead of pushing the other side to meet your demands, use reframing to bring them to your point of view. Instead of escalating an argument, use reframing to educate the other side about your feelings and interests. Above all, reframing places the negotiation in the context of cooperation instead of competition.Effective Listening This topic will be covered in-depth in the next unit. For now, lets look at the most basic concepts of effective listening. Listening is a great skill of negotiation. Listening allows you to learn about the other sides interests and to discover crucial dealpoints. Close listening a lso helps to generate goodwill with the other side. The value of being heard is greatly underestimated. Often, where emotions are involved, the opportunity to be heard and understood is very powerful. By listening carefully, you pave the ay to excellent reframing opportunities, greater leverage, and an improved bargaining position. Be sure to listen carefully and actively (while respecting the groundrules of the mediation), empathize with the other side, ask questions which convey your understanding and empathy, and finally, restate the other sides story back to them while carefully respecting excitable aspects of the account so that you do not inflame them. Deal Killers In every negotiation, the possibility of failure exists. Certain conditions, behaviors, or acts threaten to stall or break down negotiations.The more you know about these potential deal breakers, the better prepared you will be when you confront them, either on your own side, or across the table. 1. Reactive Devalu ation 2. Parties tend to view offers by the other side skeptically. This leads to misevaluation of the other sides position. Hidden Emotion Example I would rather lose than settle with this guy This leads to misevaluation. 3. Failure to Understand BATNA/WATNA Leads to misevaluation. 4. Biased Assimilation Parties tend to hear and remember things they want to hear, and not hear things that are unpleasant.This leads to misevaluation. 5. Loss Aversion People generally prefer to avoid loss rather than to achieve gains. This leads to excessive attachment to positions. 6. Direct Contradiction Avoid using language like, Youre wrong. Instead, offer a different perspective when it is your time to speak after validating the other partys opinion. 7. Equity want Parties may seek to return to the Status Quo Ante that is, the state they were in prior to when the particular conflict arose, or to recoup costs incurred in litigation or which have arisen from the conflict itself.In so doing, that party may prolong the dispute unnecessarily in an attempt to reach that pre-conflict status. 8. Attribution actus reus Parties tend to see the other side as evil, and their own side as innocent. This leads to misevaluation. 9. Endowment People tend to overvalue their own property and interests, and undervalue the property and interests of others. 10. Miscalculation or ignorance of Deal Breakers Think about reasons why the other side might refuse to settle. Plan out comely ways to provide counter arguments or methods of avoiding those deal breakers.

Qualitative Cation Tests Essay

Lab Report AssistantThis document is not meant to be a substitute for a ceremonious laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiments questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a ceremonial lab report. The intent is to facilitate students writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor.ObservationsQuestionsA. Write net dome equations for all reactions that produce a precipitate.Ag+(aq.) + Cl-(aq.) - AgCl (s)2 Ag+(aq.)+ 2OH- Ag2O (s) + H2O(l)2 Ag+(aq.)+2NH3+ H2O(l) Ag2O (s)+ 2NH4+ (aq.)Pb2+(aq.)+2Cl- (aq.) - PbCl2(s)Pb2+(aq.)+2OH-(aq.) -Pb(OH)2 (s)Pb2+(aq.)+ 2NH3(aq.)+ H2O(l) Pb(OH)2 (s)+ 2NH4+ (aq.) Cu2+(aq.) +2OH-(aq.) - Cu(OH)2 (s)2Cu2+(aq.)+SO42- (aq.) +2NH3(aq.)+2 H2O(l) Cu(OH)2.CuSO4(s) +2NH4+ (aq.) Zn2+ (aq.)+ 2OH- (aq.) - Zn(OH)2 (s)Zn2+ (aq.)+2NH3(aq.)+ H2O(l) Ag2O (s)+ 2NH4+ (aq.)Fe3+ (aq.)+ 3OH- (aq.) - Fe(OH)3(s)Fe3+ (aq.)+ 3NH3(aq.)+ 3H2O(l) Fe(OH)3(s)+ 3NH4+ (aq.) Pb2+(aq.)+ CrO42-(aq.) PbCrO4(s)2Cu2+(aq.)+Fe(CN)64- (aq.) Cu2Fe(CN)6 (s)Zn2+(aq.) + S2-(aq) ZnS(s) 4Fe3+(aq.)+3Fe(CN)64- (aq.) -Fe4Fe(CN)63 (s)Ca2+(aq) + ( COO)22-(aq) Ca(COO)2 (s)B. Identify the cations that precipitate with hydrochloric acid and dissolve in the heraldic bearing of ammonia.Ag+C. Identify the cations that precipitate with hydrochloric acid and do not redissolve in the presence of ammonia.Pb2+D. Identify the cations that precipitate upon addition of two or three drops of atomic number 11 hydroxide but redissolve upon addition of otiose sodium hydroxide.Pb2+,Zn2+E. Identify the cations that precipitate upon addition of two or three drops of sodium hydroxide and are not affected by additional sodium hydroxide.Ag+,Cu2+,Fe3+F.Identify the cations that precipitate upon addition of two or three drops of aqueous ammonia but redissolve upon addition of excess aqueous ammonia.Ag+,Cu2+,Zn2+G. Identify the cations that precipitate upon addition of two or three drops of aqueous ammonia and are not affected additional aqueous ammonia.Pb2+,Fe3+H. What simple test would distinguish Ag+ and Cu2+ ?Upon addition of two or three drops of aqueous ammonia, Ag+ produces brown ppt, which is soluble in the excess reagent, resulting in clear, colorless solution.Upon addition of two or three drops of aqueous ammonia, Cu2+ produces blue ppt, which is soluble in the excess reagent but produces dark blue solution.

The Wise Fools of Shakespeare

Infirmity that decays the wise doth ever make a better tantalize though uttered by one of his own characters Shakespeargon does non seem to conform to this ideal. The pullulates carved by Shakespe ar in his plays showed no resemblance to the mentally and physically challenged people who were treated as pets and used for amusement during the medieval period. Rather Shakespeares fools appear to be in the best of their wits when they are in possession of the wisest minds.Fools whether in their rustic vigour displaying grotesque mood or in the forms of the sophisticated court jesters with their polished puns occupied a substantial localise in his plays. Not only they added the element of humour but often alluded a deeper context on a lower floor their apparent comic facade. Shakespeares plays embodied a varied range of comic characters whose treatment obviously differs in those produced by the mature playwright to those depicted in his earlier works. In which we find certain(p) no nsensical clowns appearing just to create ludicrous entertainment.In Loves Labour Lost we find three such characters Costard, Dull and Adrian de Armado who are of very little importance to the plot but as we move on to the Mid Summer Nights Dream, Bottom the gaga artisan though intended to project humour for his supreme vanity, we see this same attribute of his being exploited by Oberon the king of the fairies to teach his poof a lesson. In this way we notice in Shakespeares comic characters a gradual pattern of upgradation from those included just for the sake of insipid humour to the ones actually taking part in the plot.As Shakespeare proceeds to incorporate his oeuvres with further comic elements he chooses humorists over clowns. His comic characters reveal more musing and methodical homour which actually camouflages underneath the unsavoury truths. These personas were not only part of his comedies but also his tragedies. In Hamlet the two Grave-diggers despite of being repr esented as clown figures hides beneath their playful conversations the graver insights of the playwright himself.By questioning the justness of Ophelias receiving a Christian burial they asses the legitimacy of felo-de-se in terms of religious beliefs. Moreover their nonchalant attitude towards death marks its inevitability contrasting it to Hamlets vacillating views of to be or not to be. A similar prudence can ob distributed in the reckless speeches of the Porter in Macbeth. The Porter in his drunken inspiration claims to be the Porter of the Hell Gate indicating that the horrid incident of Duncans murder has equated Macbeths castle to the infernal dungeon.Though these characters makes their appearance for a instruct period on give and it is generally apprehended that their foremost purpose is to provide a moment of respite to the audience from the dark and tense moments of the play, their substance in these dramas are no less. A character that cannot re chief(prenominal) unm entioned while talking of Shakespeares comic characters is that of Sir John Falstaff. Usually acclaimed to be Shakespeares sterling(prenominal) comic character Falstaff graduation makes his appearance in Henry IV Part 1 and reappears in Henry IV Part 2 as well as The Merry Wives of Windsor.Recognized for his diffused ways and buffoon comparable appearance Falstaff is actually a knight though his conduct speaks vice versa when he marks honour as valueless Can honour set-to a leg? No. Or an arm? No. Or outlet away the grief of a wound? No. . . . What is honour? A word. It is the fact that we find a cunning, fraudulent, corrupt in bulk under the banner of knighthood that is suppose to represent chivalry and honesty is what primarily projects the humour. scarcely yet again arousing laughter is not the only purpose served by this character, on with remaining the unfailing companion to prince Hal until he grows up only to leave him behind as a sign of stepping towards a path of in tegrity, Falstaff also acts as a foil to the character of Hotspur. A lively person who has abandoned morality and yet displays unconditional affection for the Prince, Falstaff is indeed one of Shakespeares typically twisted comic figures who earned himself a place in the audiences heart large enough to make him reappear more than once.However the most mesmerize of Shakespeares fools touches his pieces in the form of the court jesters with their precise and caustic wit fabricated by their well bred minds. These fools it is often presumed were sketched from the models of the contemporary court jesters particularly influenced by Tarlton and Armin the royal fools who were not only popular to the audience but also favorites of the Queen herself. One of the foremost reasons of introduction of these jesters in his plays was to impart them with the role of social-critics in the guise of their iridescent costumes.The royal fools in spite of their acerbic tongue that blurted out many a comme nt against royalty were forgiven for the obvious reasons of those statements being engrossed under their fooleries. Thus the jesters in his plays acted as the representatives of Shakespeare, through whom he can show a glimpse of the real face of the contemporary society to his audience. The first professional fool who made his way into Shakespeares plays is Touchstone in As you Like it who is probably the most buoyant of his jesters.From his pert speeches it can be assumed that he is serving his namesake, a touchstone giving a peek of the real world in mid of all the dreamy romanticism. In the play upon their arriving in Arden when Rosalind complains O Jupiter, how weary are my spirits Touchstone is quick to add I care not for my spirits, if my legs were not weary. His stopping point to marry the country lass Audrey seems more rational than romantic. Again his effortless feat in the brief battle of wits with William in order to provide his lady love contrasts his uncomplicated a ffection from that of the central characters.Touchstone can be best described by the compliment the Senior Duke adorns him with swift and pretentious. After Touchstone the Royal Jesters made their appearances in many of Shakespeares following plays but the two most prominent characters identified for their exuberance are Feste of Twelfth Night and the Fool in King Lear. Feste though walking in the shoes of his literary hierarchy Touchstone in his mannerisms, his wits seems to be more targeted at the characters than the generalized views of the former.He appears to be the most mature character in Twelfth Night analyzing and realizing the practical mode of the world. In his easy humour he expresses his experienced views when he taunts Olivia The more fool, Madonna, to mourn for your brothers soul, being in heaven. Take away the fool, gentlemen, trying to make her comprehend that death is a course of nature and the fleeing time is equally mortal and thus valuable. Like his own stat ement Foolery, sir, does walk about the orb like the sun it shines everywhere Festes genial humour spreads a glimmer of intellect all over the play.Feste with his acerbic wit and reflective wisdom not only outshines the insignificant characters of the lewd Sir Andrew and the puritanical Malvolio but also the brooding Duke Orsino, surmising his own point or rather Quinapalas Better a witty fool than a foolish wit. The third in the contingent, the Fool in King Lear is in fact the most outstanding. Unlike Touchstone and Feste he lacks the soft ambiance and yet he balances his foresight, wisdom and shrewdness underneath his playful conduct.The Fool here lacks any specific identity and even his age and terra firma frame unknown because of which it is supposed that his purpose is not just to lighten up the sardonic atmosphere of the play but also to serve as a foil to Lear. Despite of being a fool he identifies Lears impetuous decision and thus when Goneril talks of ceasing Lear from having any attendants the Fool sings The hedge-sparrow cater the cuckoo so long/ That it had its head bit by its young, while the prejudiced king is still encircled by his misconstrues.The Fool remains by the side of Lear throughout the play until he mysteriously disappears at the end of Act III, scene vi. This is why it is believed that the Fool acts as Lears scrupulous alter ego as once he enters the world of lunacy his conscience parts from him altogether. But even after his sudden exit from the stage in the middle of the play, the Fool remains the most significant comic character of Shakespeares tragedies.There are other professional fools who only makes shadowy appearances in some other plays, like Lavancha in All is Well that Ends Well, the Clown in Othello, Trinculo in The Tempest who along with Stephano and Caliban imparts a humorous humour to the play and at the same time introduces the theme or usurpation by plotting against Prospero. There are numerous such personal ities that keep appear throughout Shakespearean plays who despite of not being elevated characters somehow manages to leave their touch in the play.As Shakespeares clowns whether they do or do not occupy much of the stage space have always exhibited through their pert observations a superior intellect and rational understanding of the secular life. The most noticeable factor is that these characters, be it the rustics, the Grave-diggers, the Porter, the jesters or a spoilt knight were basically modeled on a class of people who were move in a social rank lower than that of the prime characters.This is perhaps because the most esteemed playwright himself held this ideal, that the practical knowledge of life gained by the commoners from the hazards of their medium lives imparts them with a feasible outlook towards it. Unlike those from the superior classes whose shielded lives behind the walls of their enormous castles embodied them with fragile minds. Thus the matters that appears to be of graver importance to the main characters, especially those of romanticism and idealism are treated as a recurring part of life by the wise fools.These individuals to some extent serve as the representatives of Shakespeare himself, what he cannot make his gaudy characters say is exactly what these commoners enacts on his behalf. Their social status which could make the contemporary audience belonging to the ordinary family identify with the same and their easy flamboyancy of wit was the exact combination the author required to reach out to his audience and alert them about the social conditions.But whatever purpose these characters might serve or whoever they might have been inspired by, they were transformed into soulful personalities by the dramatist. It was the ingenuity of Shakespeare that turned them into literary figures that were receptive of leaving their impression not only in the mind of the contemporary audience but are continuing to do so until the present dat e.